What was happening in the United States and Canada during World War I
In 1914 the Komagata Maru, carrying 376 would-be immigrants from India, was kept offshore at Vancouver, and Colorado militia and guards attacked the tent colony of striking miners at Ludlow. In July 1916 German agents set fire to a depot of US-made munitions bound for the Allies, causing the Black Tom explosion in New York Harbor, and that November Woodrow Wilson narrowly won re-election. Congress declared war on Germany on 6 April 1917, bringing the United States into the First World War, and in December a French ship loaded with explosives blew up in Halifax harbour, killing at least 1,782 people. In January 1918 Wilson set out his Fourteen Points for peace. The same years saw the lynching of Jesse Washington before a crowd in Waco, the founding of Boeing in Seattle and the first Pulitzer Prizes.
This page lists all 428 events in our records for the United States and Canada from January 1914 to December 1918, so the months before and after the fighting are here too. 18 are battles and other fighting; the rest are the politics, disasters, culture and daily life that went on alongside. The biggest come first, then every event year by year.
How sure we are: events with no label are high confidence. Medium confidence means the event rests on one source family or a detail is uncertain; Low confidence means the sources disagree or are thin, and the notes say where. Dates are in the Gregorian calendar; where a country still used another calendar, the notes give the original. How events are checked
The biggest stories
Art & literatureWidely known
The first Pulitzer Prizes are awarded
· United States · North America
The prizes, set up by the will of newspaper publisher Joseph Pulitzer and administered by Columbia University, were first awarded on 4 June 1917.
Why it is interesting. They remain highly regarded national honours for American journalism.
Notes and dating details
Wikidata also gives 1917-01-01 (P571). Award place not stated beyond Columbia University administration. Merged duplicate row 1917-06-04-the-first-pulitzer-prizes-are-presented (The first Pulitzer Prizes are presented).
After colliding with the Imo, the French cargo ship Mont-Blanc, loaded with high explosives, caught fire and blew up, devastating Halifax's Richmond district. At least 1,782 people died and an estimated 9,000 were injured.
Why it is interesting. At the time it was the largest explosion caused by people, and it set off a tsunami that wiped out a Mi'kmaq community at Tufts Cove.
Notes and dating details
Explosion at 9:04:35 am AST. Collision at about 8:45 am.
Woodrow Wilson presents the Fourteen Points to Congress
· United States · North America
In a speech to the United States Congress on 8 January 1918, President Woodrow Wilson set out principles for peace talks to end World War I. His main Allied colleagues doubted the plan could be applied.
Why it is interesting. The speech turned domestic progressive ideas into foreign policy and answered Lenin's Decree on Peace.
Democratic President Woodrow Wilson narrowly defeated Republican Charles Evans Hughes, winning 277 electoral votes to 254 and about 600,000 more popular votes.
Why it is interesting. No incumbent Democrat had won a second consecutive term since 1832.
Colorado militia and guards attack the Ludlow tent colony
· Ludlow, Colorado, United States · North America
Colorado National Guard soldiers and private mine guards attacked the Ludlow, Colorado, tent colony, where about 1,200 miners on strike lived with their families. About 21 people died, mostly wives and children.
Why it is interesting. It was the deadliest single incident of the Colorado Coalfield War and led Congress to investigate; Ludlow site is now a National Historic Landmark.
Notes and dating details
Death counts differ: contemporary reports gave 20, a modern estimate is at least 19 residents and at least 5 strikers including Louis Tikas; the lead says approximately 21.
Jesse Washington, a 17-year-old African American farmhand accused of murdering Lucy Fryer, was lynched outside Waco's city hall on 15 May 1916 before a crowd of over 10,000. The event was known as the Waco Horror.
Why it is interesting. Photographs of the killing were sold as postcards in Waco, and the NAACP sent an investigator and later featured the case in its campaign against lynching.
The Komagata Maru is kept offshore at Vancouver with 376 would-be immigrants from India
· Burrard Inlet, Vancouver, Canada · North America
The Japanese steamer, carrying 340 Sikhs, 24 Muslims and 12 Hindus, anchored in Burrard Inlet on 23 May and was not allowed to land; only about two dozen passengers were admitted, the Court of Appeal ruled against the rest on 6 July, and the ship left under naval escort on 23 July.
Why it is interesting. British subjects from India were turned away under rules built to keep Asians out of Canada.
Notes and dating details
Passenger count: the article lists boardings of 165, 86 and 14 (265) against 376 total, a gap it does not explain; 22 or 24 were allowed to land depending on the passage. There was a clash with the police tug Sea Lion on 19 July.
San Francisco hosts the Panama-Pacific International Exposition
· San Francisco, United States · North America
San Francisco held a world's fair from 20 February to 4 December 1915, officially to mark the completion of the Panama Canal. Many in the city also treated it as a chance to show how far it had recovered from the 1906 earthquake.
Why it is interesting. The fair drew 18,876,438 visitors to a site on the northern shore, where almost all the temporary buildings were pulled down in late 1915.
German agents set fire to munitions made in the US and waiting to be shipped to the Allies, at Black Tom in New York Harbor. At least seven people died and hundreds were wounded. The blast also damaged the Statue of Liberty.
Why it is interesting. It happened while the US was still neutral, and about 1,000 tonnes of munitions awaiting shipment to Britain and France were destroyed.
Notes and dating details
Infobox time 2:08 a.m. EST; infobox location Jersey City, lead says New York Harbor.
The Photo-Drama of Creation, a four-part presentation lasting eight hours in all, was produced by the Watch Tower Society. It first reached audiences in New York in January 1914, then Germany in summer.
Notes
Month only. Article also says a summer 1914 showing in Germany.
The firm now called Merrill, a division of Bank of America, was founded on 6 January 1914. In 1915 it was officially renamed Merrill, Lynch & Co.
Notes
Charles E. Merrill opened the firm on 6 January 1914 at 7 Wall Street; Edmund C. Lynch joined him and the name became Merrill, Lynch & Co. in 1915. German Wikipedia also gives 6 January 1914 and Wall Street. The earlier 'over 14,000 financial advisors' figure was dropped as an unchecked present-day count.
· Venice, Los Angeles, United States · North America
Chaplin's Little Tramp reaches the screen in Kid Auto Races at Venice
Stage, music & film
The short film, shot at a real children's pushcart race in Venice, California, was released on 7 February; Chaplin improvised gags in front of actual spectators.
Notes
Mabel's Strange Predicament was shot earlier but released two days later (9 Feb).
At the Palace Theater in Chicago, Winsor McCay stood beside the screen and appeared to give orders to his animated dinosaur. Animation histories long called it the first cartoon, which it was not; it was the first animated film with a dinosaur, and Gertie's personality set it apart from earlier trick films.
Notes
The general theatrical release came on 28 December 1914.
American comic book writer, credited with co-creating Batman with Bob Kane. He often went uncredited and died in obscurity, though his contribution has since been recognised.
Mabel Normand directed this American short comedy starring herself and Charles Chaplin. It was released on 9 February 1914, though it was produced a few days before Chaplin's Kid Auto Races at Venice.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1914 (year); the article gives the release date of 9 February 1914, and French Wikipedia agrees. Release date not confirmed outside Wikipedia: no specialist filmography entry could be reached. The film was shot in January 1914 according to French Wikipedia.
The White House Correspondents' Association is founded
Everyday life
Journalists founded the White House Correspondents' Association on 25 February 1914 after a false rumor that a congressional committee would choose which reporters could attend President Woodrow Wilson's press conferences.
The Little Review publishes its first issue in Chicago
Art & literatureMedium confidence
Margaret Anderson founded the avant-garde literary magazine The Little Review in Chicago. Its first issue appeared in March 1914 and included feminist book reviews, an essay on Nietzsche and literary pieces.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1914; the article dates the first issue to March 1914 and says Anderson conceived it in 1914.
Tess of the Storm Country, a silent drama by director Edwin S. Porter, reached US theaters in March 1914. It starred Mary Pickford and quickly proved a hit.
Notes
Release day disputed: the article's infobox gives 20 March 1914, while its release section says it first reached US theaters on 30 March 1914. Wikidata gives only the year. Stored at month precision.
· San Juan County, Utah, United States · North America
Bluff War begins with a murder accusation in Utah
War & conflictMedium confidence
In March 1914 some Utes charged Tse-ne-gat, son of the Paiute chief Polk, with murdering a shepherd. The dispute grew into the Bluff War, fought near the town of Bluff, Utah.
Notes
Fighting came later, with a posse clash on 20 February 1915; the infobox runs March 1914 to 11 March 1915. Start taken as the March 1914 accusation.
Judith of Bethulia is an American silent epic directed by D. W. Griffith, starring Blanche Sweet and Henry B. Walthall. Biograph held back its release until 1914, after Griffith had left the company.
Notes
US release 8 March 1914 from the infobox (Film date template); Wikidata agrees, citing IMDb. The Moving Picture World review is dated 7 March 1914 and the Variety review 27 March 1914.
George Westinghouse, the Pittsburgh-based inventor and industrialist, died in New York City. He held 360 patents and founded dozens of companies.
Notes
Both English and German Wikipedia give 360 patents. The company count differs between them (61 companies in English, 60 factories in German), so a round description is used.
US Congress agrees to fund an Alaska railroad from Seward to Fairbanks
Economy & tradeMedium confidence
On 12 March 1914 Congress agreed to fund a year-round railroad linking Seward and Fairbanks. A construction town at Ship Creek, where the line's headquarters later moved, grew into Anchorage.
Notes
The English article puts the purchase of the Alaska Northern line in 1914 (and the infobox lists a purchase on 12 March 1914), but German Wikipedia says the government bought the Alaska Northern in 1915, so the purchase claim was removed from the summary. Railroad completed 15 July 1923.
Norman Ernest Borlaug was born in Iowa. He became an agronomist whose work on high-yield wheat varieties fed the Green Revolution, and he won the Nobel Peace Prize.
Notes
Born on his grandparents' farm at Saude, which the article places near Cresco, Iowa; Wikidata gives Cresco as the place of birth.
Cruel, Cruel Love is an American silent comedy short from Keystone Studios, starring Charlie Chaplin with Edgar Kennedy and Minta Durfee. It runs 16 minutes.
Notes
Release date 26 March 1914 from the infobox (film date template). Wikidata gives the year only (imported from Italian Wikipedia). No second source checked for the day.
The film serial The Perils of Pauline, directed by Louis Gasnier, was released on 31 March.
Notes
The serial's own article gives 31 March in its infobox, but also says it premiered at Loew's Broadway Theatre on 23 March 1914 and went on general release about 1 April. Kept 31 March, medium.
· Hot Springs, Arkansas, United States · North America
The Assemblies of God is founded at Hot Springs, Arkansas
Religion & philosophy
Some 300 ministers and church members, drawn from 20 US states and a few other countries, gathered at Hot Springs and set up the General Council of the Assemblies of God.
Notes
Exact day not given on the fetched page; April 1914.
D. W. Griffith's The Battle of the Sexes premieres in New York
Stage, music & film
D. W. Griffith's silent drama The Battle of the Sexes had its first showing at Weber's Theater, New York City. It proved a considerable success, Griffith's first hit with his own name billed above the title.
Notes
Date is the premiere at Weber's Theater. Silent Era also gives a 12 April 1914 premiere in New York, released the same day.
Colorado militia and guards attack the Ludlow tent colony
War & conflict
Colorado National Guard soldiers and private mine guards attacked the Ludlow, Colorado, tent colony, where about 1,200 miners on strike lived with their families. About 21 people died, mostly wives and children.
Notes
Death counts differ: contemporary reports gave 20, a modern estimate is at least 19 residents and at least 5 strikers including Louis Tikas; the lead says approximately 21.
Twenty Minutes of Love, a Keystone short comedy, is released
Stage, music & filmMedium confidence
Keystone Studios made this American silent short comedy. It is widely reported as Charlie Chaplin's first film as director, though Joseph Maddern is also named as its director.
Notes
Release date 20 April 1914 from the infobox; Wikidata gives the year only. Direction credit disputed: widely given to Chaplin, but some sources name Joseph Maddern.
Weeghman Park, later Wrigley Field, hosts its first game
Sport
Charles Weeghman's new ballpark on Chicago's North Side, built for his Federal League team, staged its first game on 23 April, with the Chicago Federals playing the Kansas City Packers.
Notes
Wrigley Field's infobox gives the opening as 23 April 1914. No permitted source opened gives the score, so none is stated.
Daniel Sickles, a US politician, diplomat and veteran of the Civil War, died in New York City. He held a seat in the US House of Representatives, serving before the war and again afterward.
This 16-minute Keystone Studios comedy starred Charlie Chaplin and was produced by Mack Sennett. Chaplin directed it and played the lead.
Notes
Release date 4 May 1914 from the infobox (film date template). Wikidata gives the year only (imported from Italian Wikipedia). No second source checked for the day.
Joseph Louis Barrow was born in rural Chambers County, Alabama, the seventh of eight children. He became a professional boxer and was world heavyweight champion from 1937 until 1949.
Notes
The infobox gives LaFayette, Alabama as birthplace; the Early life section places the birth in rural Chambers County, about 6 miles from LaFayette.
Argentina, Brazil and Chile mediate between the US and Mexico at Niagara Falls
Politics & diplomacy
Diplomats from Argentina, Brazil and Chile, with US, Huerta and Constitutionalist delegates, opened talks at Niagara Falls, Ontario, to stop the Veracruz occupation turning into full war.
· Burrard Inlet, Vancouver, Canada · North America
The Komagata Maru is kept offshore at Vancouver with 376 would-be immigrants from India
Everyday life
The Japanese steamer, carrying 340 Sikhs, 24 Muslims and 12 Hindus, anchored in Burrard Inlet on 23 May and was not allowed to land; only about two dozen passengers were admitted, the Court of Appeal ruled against the rest on 6 July, and the ship left under naval escort on 23 July.
Notes
Passenger count: the article lists boardings of 165, 86 and 14 (265) against 376 total, a gap it does not explain; 22 or 24 were allowed to land depending on the passage. There was a clash with the police tug Sea Lion on 19 July.
· Barre, Massachusetts, United States · North America
Jacob Riis dies
Lives
Jacob Riis, a Danish-American reformer, journalist and photographer, dies at his farm in Barre, Massachusetts. He was known for documenting poverty in New York City.
The Fatal Mallet is an American silent comedy short written and directed by Mack Sennett, starring Charlie Chaplin and Mabel Normand, with Sennett as one of Chaplin's rivals for Normand.
Notes
Release date 1 June 1914 from the article's infobox. Wikidata gives the year only (imported from Wikipedia, no other reference). No second source checked for the day.
· Norfolk, Connecticut, United States · North America
Sibelius conducts The Oceanides in Connecticut
Stage, music & film
Sibelius travelled to the Norfolk Music Festival for a fee and an honorary doctorate and conducted the first performance of his sea tone poem in the festival's 'Shed'.
· Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Newport, Rhode Island, United States · North America
1914 U.S. National Championships are held
SportMedium confidence
The women's singles and doubles were played from 8 to 13 June 1914 at Chestnut Hill's Philadelphia Cricket Club; the men's singles ran from 24 August to 1 September at the Newport Casino. The outbreak of World War I affected who took part.
Notes
Event split between two venues: Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia (Philadelphia Cricket Club) hosted the women's singles and doubles on 8-13 June, and the Newport Casino hosted the men's singles on 24 August to 1 September. Start is the women's start, end is the men's singles end.
· Evanston, Illinois, United States · North America
Forerunner of Booz Allen Hamilton is founded
Economy & tradeMedium confidence
Edwin G. Booz, a Northwestern University graduate, set up the Business Research Service in Evanston, Illinois, the firm that grew into Booz Allen. Booz Allen is now a US government and military contractor in intelligence, technology and cybersecurity.
Notes
Founding date 18 June 1914 from the infobox, uncited there; the history section gives 1914 and Wikidata gives 1914 (unreferenced).
Hillcrest coal mine explosion in Alberta kills 189
Disasters
At about 9:30 am, methane ignited and set off a coal-dust explosion in the Crowsnest Pass mine. 189 workers died, leaving about 90 widows and 250 fatherless children, and the disaster remains Canada's worst coal mining accident.
Notes
Some sources give 189 deaths of 237 men in the mine; infobox lists 228 workers. The spark was never found.
An anarchist bomb kills four in a Harlem apartment
Everyday lifeMedium confidence
Dynamite being assembled by anarchists exploded prematurely at 1626 Lexington Avenue, killing three of the bomb-makers and a woman renting a room. The 1914 in the United States page says the bomb was meant for John D. Rockefeller; the dedicated article says the conspirators planned to bomb his Tarrytown home.
Notes
One conspirator later called the bombing a 'gesture of protest' rather than an attack on Rockefeller; the dedicated article does not mention Ludlow.
Built for the typewriter and gun maker Lyman Cornelius Smith's family, the tower opened to the public on Independence Day, and over 4,000 people rode up on the first day. No building west of the Mississippi was taller until 1931.
Notes
The tower's article calls it 38 storeys; the July page says 35 (visitors rode to the 35th floor).
D. W. Griffith directed The Avenging Conscience, a silent American horror film from 1914. It draws on Edgar Allan Poe's story The Tell-Tale Heart and his poem Annabel Lee.
Notes
The stored date, 2 August 1914, is the New York premiere (Mark Strand Theatre, per Silent Era) and matches the U.S. release date in the Wikipedia infobox. Silent Era also lists a preview on 16 July 1914 in Pasadena, California, and a general release on 24 August 1914. Wikidata gives the year only (imported from Wikipedia, no other reference).
Ellen Axson Wilson, First Lady of the United States and first wife of President Woodrow Wilson, died at the White House in Washington, D.C., from Bright's disease.
Federal Reserve Board gets its first appointed chair
Economy & tradeMedium confidence
On 10 August 1914 the Federal Reserve Board's chair passed from the Treasury secretary, who had held the post ex officio, to a presidential appointee. Charles Sumner Hamlin is listed as the first chair.
Notes
Names are missing from the excerpt's table; the 10 August 1914 row shows a Wilson appointee, and the infobox lists Hamlin as first. Treasury Secretary was ex officio chair from 23 December 1913.
John Philip Holland, an Irish-American marine engineer, died in Newark, New Jersey. He had developed the USS Holland and the Royal Navy's Holland 1 submarines.
Notes
The USS Holland article also calls her the Navy's first submarine and gives purchase on 11 April 1900 and commissioning on 12 October 1900. The earlier claim that submersibles occupied 56 of his 73 years was dropped as unchecked.
· Framingham, Massachusetts, United States · North America
Inventor Margaret E. Knight dies
Lives
Margaret E. Knight, an American inventor best known for a machine making flat-bottomed paper bags, died in Framingham, Massachusetts, aged 76, leaving an estate of $275.05.
Notes
Infobox and lead give death on 12 October 1914 aged 76 with an estate of $275.05. The article says she held at least 27 and possibly 30 patents, so the earlier 'dozens' was tightened.
President Woodrow Wilson signed the Clayton Antitrust Act, which built on the Sherman Act of 1890 by specifying prohibited conduct, enforcement and remedies. Henry De Lamar Clayton Jr. introduced it in the House.
Notes
Date is the signing date from the infobox. The infobox gives Senate agreement on 5 October; the body text says 6 October.
Thirty-two Class 3 Senate seats were contested, plus special elections. Democrats entered with a 53–42 majority and expanded it to 56–39.
Notes
Some special elections to fill vacancies took place on other dates, such as 11 May 1914; others were decided on 3 November alongside the regular races.
United States holds House elections for the 64th Congress
Politics & diplomacy
Voters chose all 435 House seats on 3 November 1914, with Maine voting earlier on 14 September. Republicans gained more than 60 seats from the Democrats but did not win control of the chamber.
Notes
Most states voted 3 November 1914; Maine voted 14 September 1914.
President Wilson opens the Port of Houston to traffic
Economy & trade
Woodrow Wilson, as President, formally declared the port open to shipping under the name World Port of Houston and Buffalo Bayou. The port serves the Houston, Texas, metropolitan area.
Notes
Date from the History section (opened to traffic on November 10, 1914). Wikidata gives only the year 1914 (imported from German Wikipedia).
Federal Reserve Bank of New York opens for business
Economy & trade
The Federal Reserve Bank of New York began operating under Benjamin Strong Jr., formerly president of Bankers Trust. It followed the 1913 Federal Reserve Act.
In late 1914 the New York Central & Hudson River Railroad absorbed the operations of eleven subsidiaries, and the combined company again became the New York Central Railroad.
Notes
Main article gives only the year 1914. Wikidata gives 23 December 1914, referenced to Interstate Commerce Commission Reports; the List of New York Central Railroad precursors article gives 22 December 1914. Stored at month level since the two days differ. The consolidation agreement was dated 29 April 1914 (Detroit, Monroe and Toledo Railroad article). The original railroad dates from 1853.
Alfred Thayer Mahan, a United States Navy officer and historian, died in Washington, D.C. His books on sea power were well received, especially in Europe.
· Filmed in British Columbia, Canada · North America
In the Land of the Head Hunters is released
Stage, music & film
Edward Curtis's feature, with an all-Indigenous North American cast, was released on 7 December, the same day as Chaplin's last Keystone film, His Prehistoric Past.
Tillie's Punctured Romance premieres in Los Angeles
Stage, music & filmMedium confidence
Mack Sennett's silent comedy, starring Marie Dressler, Mabel Normand and Charlie Chaplin, premiered at the Republic Theatre. It was made by the Keystone Film Company and drew on a stage play.
Notes
The article dates the premiere at the Republic Theatre, Los Angeles, to 21 December 1914, citing the BFI; the infobox agrees. Wikidata also lists 14 November 1914 (United States), referenced only to IMDb.
Charles Martin Hall died in Daytona, Florida, aged 51. He was an American chemist and inventor who devised a cheap method of producing aluminium and helped found Alcoa.
The Exploits of Elaine is an American silent film serial starring Pearl White, in which a young woman and a detective hunt the "Clutching Hand", who killed her father. It was produced by Wharton Studio and distributed by Pathé Exchange.
Notes
Release date 28 December 1914 from the infobox (Film date template); Wikidata gives the year only, with no independent reference. This is the first release date of the serial; later chapters followed.
The company that became Greyhound ran its first route from Hibbing, Minnesota, in 1914. Its founder was a 27-year-old Swedish immigrant who had just been laid off from a mine job in Alice, Minnesota.
Notes
Infobox and German Wikipedia name the founder Carl Wickman; the history section says Eric Wickman. Title and summary avoid the first name. German Wikipedia also gives 1914, Hibbing and the Hibbing-Alice miners' run. Article gives no month or day. The earlier 'over 1,600 destinations' figure was dropped as an unchecked present-day count.
American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee is founded
Religion & philosophyMedium confidence
The Jewish relief organization known as the JDC, today based in New York City, was founded in 1914, at first to aid Jews living in Ottoman-ruled Palestine. A cable of 31 August 1914 asking for $50,000 in aid helped prompt its creation.
Notes
The full article dates the JDC's founding to 1914 only (infobox 'formation: 1914'). Wikidata also lists 27 November 1914, unsourced. The 31 August 1914 date is Morgenthau's cable to Schiff; the Central Relief Committee (4 October 1914) and American Jewish Relief Committee (25 October 1914) were allied fund-raising bodies. Founding place not stated; the organization is based in New York City.
The National Challenge Cup, later the U.S. Open Cup, is first held
SportMedium confidence
The knockout soccer competition now called the Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup began as the National Challenge Cup in the 1913-1914 season. Brooklyn Field Club won the first trophy, donated by Thomas Dewar.
Notes
Infobox: founded 1914; the lead and History section place the first competition in the 1913-1914 season. Wikidata inception 1914 (imported from Italian Wikipedia).
Casa Loma, a Gothic Revival castle-style mansion in Toronto, was built between 1911 and 1914 as a home for financier Sir Henry Pellatt. E. J. Lennox was the architect.
Notes
Completion given as 1914 only; construction ran 1911 to 1914.
Joel Elias Spingarn, chairman of the NAACP board, created the medal for outstanding achievement by a Black American. It was first awarded in 1915 to biologist Ernest E. Just.
· Revelstoke, British Columbia, Canada · North America
Mount Revelstoke National Park is established
Politics & diplomacy
Mount Revelstoke National Park was established in 1914 beside the city of Revelstoke in the Selkirk Mountains of British Columbia. The other mountain national parks dated from the 1880s, so this one arrived decades afterwards.
Notes
Year only: the full article gives no month or day for the park's creation.
· New York City, New York, United States · North America
United States Radium Corporation is founded in New York City
Economy & trade
Sabin Arnold von Sochocky and George S. Willis started the company, at first named Radium Luminous Material Corporation; it went on to make glow-in-the-dark radioactive paint. Its later dial-painting operations in Orange, New Jersey, led to the Radium Girls illnesses and lawsuits.
Notes
Founding year only (infobox and body both give 1914). Founded as Radium Luminous Material Corporation; renamed United States Radium Corporation in August 1921. The lead says its notorious operations in Orange, NJ ran 1917 to 1926.
Ralph Chaplin completes the song Solidarity Forever
Stage, music & filmMedium confidence
Ralph Chaplin finished the trade union anthem Solidarity Forever in Chicago in January 1915, on the day of a hunger demonstration. It was written for the Industrial Workers of the World and uses the tune of John Brown's Body.
Notes
Day disputed: the Wikipedia article's composition section gives 15 January 1915, while the IWW's history page (introduction citing Chaplin's autobiography Wobbly) says Chaplin finished it on 17 January 1915, the day of the Hunger Demonstration. Both agree on January 1915 in Chicago, so month precision is stored. Infobox gives written 1914-1915; Chaplin began it in 1913.
This American silent feature follows an Italian gondolier who emigrates to the United States and ends up a shoeshiner living in a New York tenement. Reginald Barker directed it and Thomas H. Ince produced it.
Notes
Released January 1915 per the AFI Catalog and silentera.com (copyright 7 January 1915); the article itself cites newspaper reviews from 2 to 31 January 1915, and AFI cites a Motion Picture News review of 2 January 1915. Wikipedia's infobox gives 18 June 1915, with no reference attached.
Congress authorizes Panama-Pacific commemorative coins
Economy & tradeMedium confidence
Congress passed legislation for five commemorative coins tied to San Francisco's Panama-Pacific International Exposition: a silver half dollar, a gold dollar, a quarter eagle and round and octagonal $50 pieces.
Notes
Month only: the bill was considered in the House on 4 January 1915. Coins were struck at the San Francisco mint. The 'only non-round US coin' claim in the article was not confirmed outside it (the US Mint says 'unique octagonal coin'), so the interest line uses the Mint's wording.
The silent film A Fool There Was premieres in New York
Stage, music & film
Frank Powell directed this American silent drama, which William Fox produced and Theda Bara starred in. Its release helped bring the word vamp into wider use.
Notes
Stores the New York premiere, 12 January 1915, given by both the article and silentera.com; silentera.com dates the general release only to January 1915 and the copyright to 14 January 1915. A 5-reel version was released in June 1918.
Anna Leonowens, a British travel writer and educator, died in Montreal. Her memoirs of teaching the children of Siam's King Mongkut were later fictionalised in a best-selling novel and adapted into the musical The King and I.
American silent film Alice in Wonderland is released
Stage, music & film
W. W. Young directed and wrote this American silent adaptation of Lewis Carroll's 1865 novel. Viola Savoy plays Alice.
Notes
Stores the US release, 19 January 1915, given by the article, silentera.com and a referenced Wikidata statement; the article places the premiere at the Strand Theatre in New York. silentera.com reports that the AFI Catalog cites a source naming Martin J. Faust as director, while a re-release print credits W. W. Young.
· Detroit, Michigan, United States · North America
Kiwanis International is founded in Detroit
Everyday life
Kiwanis, an international service club, was founded in Detroit, Michigan, when the state approved its application on 21 January 1915. It now operates in over 80 countries and areas.
Notes
The organization originated in August 1914 from a conversation in Detroit; the state approved the application on 21 January 1915.
Castries, Saint Lucia, then part of the British Windward Islands, was the birthplace of William Arthur Lewis. He grew into a development economist known for his dual-sector model and was later awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences.
Robert Motherwell was born in Aberdeen, Washington. He became an American abstract expressionist painter and printmaker, among the younger artists of the New York School.
President Woodrow Wilson signed the Rocky Mountain National Park Act, setting the boundaries of a national park in north-central Colorado and protecting the land for the future.
Notes
Wikidata category was architecture; changed to politics_diplomacy as the park was created by an act.
The Revenue Cutter Service is merged into the new U.S. Coast Guard
Politics & diplomacy
An act of Congress merged the United States Revenue Cutter Service with the Life-Saving Service to form the Coast Guard. President Woodrow Wilson signed the Coast Guard Act.
William Fox formed the Fox Film Corporation in 1915 as the successor to two companies he had run before: Greater New York Film Rental and Box Office Attraction. Its first film studios were in Fort Lee, New Jersey.
Notes
Date 1 February 1915 is in the article infobox and in the Silent Era company list (French Wikipedia also says 1 February 1915). The infobox puts the founding in Fort Lee, but Silent Era lists the earliest company office as 130 West 46th Street, New York (c. 1915-1917), so the place of formation is not settled; Fort Lee is kept as the place of the first studios. The article notes 20th Century-Fox long claimed 1915 as its founding year.
His New Job is a short silent comedy written and directed by Charlie Chaplin. The title refers to Chaplin's move from Keystone Studios to Essanay, and it was shot at Essanay's Chicago studio.
Notes
Stores the US release, 1 February 1915, given by both the article and silentera.com; silentera.com adds releases in Sweden (30 August 1915) and Spain (22 December 1915). Filmed in January 1915 at Essanay's Chicago studio; the release was not a Chicago opening, so the place is the country.
German agent bombs the Vanceboro railway bridge on the US-Canada border
War & conflict
Werner Horn set off a bomb at the Saint Croix-Vanceboro Railway Bridge between Maine and New Brunswick, in a plot masterminded by Franz von Papen. The bridge survived but was unsafe to use until minor repairs were made.
Robert Hofstadter was born in New York City to Polish Jewish immigrants. He became an American physicist and shared the 1961 Nobel Prize in Physics for studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei.
· Chicago, Illinois, United States · North America
Richard Hamming is born
Lives
Richard Hamming was born in Chicago. He became a mathematician whose work on computer engineering and telecommunications gave his name to the Hamming code and Hamming distance.
· Bridgeport, Connecticut, United States · North America
Fanny Crosby dies
Lives
Fanny Crosby died in Bridgeport, Connecticut. An American poet and lyricist, she was the author of over 8,000 hymns and gospel songs.
Notes
The article's '100 million copies' (an estimate) and 'nearly two hundred pseudonyms' were not confirmed outside Wikipedia, so they are left out; the 8,000+ hymns, the date and Bridgeport are confirmed by the NetHymnal biography. The article also says 'almost 9,000' elsewhere and a footnote cites 8,440.
A Night Out is a Charlie Chaplin comedy short, also starring Ben Turpin, Leo White and Bud Jamison. It was his first film with Edna Purviance and his first made at the Essanay studio in Niles, California.
Notes
Stores the US release, 15 February 1915 (General Film), given by the article, silentera.com and a Wikidata statement; silentera.com adds a Spanish release on 3 January 1916.
· Kearney, Missouri, United States · North America
Frank James dies
LivesMedium confidence
Frank James, a Confederate guerrilla who became an outlaw after the Civil War and the older brother of Jesse James, dies aged 72. He had ridden with the James–Younger Gang.
Notes
Infobox and Wikidata give Kearney, Missouri. The body says he returned to the James Farm in his last years and died there at age 72 on 18 February 1915; the nearby mention of Washington state refers to 1914 berry-picking and does not change the place. New World Encyclopedia also gives 18 February 1915, aged 72, at the James Farm in Clay County, Missouri (it does not name Kearney). Confidence stays medium only because the town comes from the infobox and Wikidata, not the body text.
San Francisco hosts the Panama-Pacific International Exposition
Everyday life
San Francisco held a world's fair from 20 February to 4 December 1915, officially to mark the completion of the Panama Canal. Many in the city also treated it as a chance to show how far it had recovered from the 1906 earthquake.
· Beaufort, South Carolina, United States · North America
Robert Smalls dies
Lives
Robert Smalls, born into slavery in Beaufort, South Carolina, dies there. During the Civil War he sailed a Confederate transport ship out of Charleston Harbor to the Union blockade, and later served in the US House of Representatives.
Notes
Wikidata also lists 22 February 1915, sourced only to Find a Grave; its 23 February statement cites Britannica and SNAC.
The Valley of Fear is published as a book in New York
Art & literatureMedium confidence
Arthur Conan Doyle's fourth and final Sherlock Holmes novel came out as a book from George H. Doran Company in New York. It had been running as a serial in The Strand Magazine since September 1914.
Notes
First British book edition: Smith, Elder & Co., 3 June 1915. Serialised in the Strand from September 1914 to May 1915; first edition copyrighted 1914. The 27 February 1915 day for the New York Doran edition comes from the article body (infobox gives only 1915); no outside source for the day was found in one search, so confidence is medium.
· Near Mexican Hat, San Juan County, Utah, United States · North America
Bluff War ends in Utah
War & conflictMedium confidence
The Bluff War between Ute and Paiute bands and a posse around Bluff, Utah, ended in March 1915. After talks at General Hugh L. Scott's camp near Mexican Hat, Polk and Posey agreed to give up Tse-ne-gat, who was accused of murdering a shepherd.
Notes
The infobox gives the conflict as March 1914 to March 11, 1915, and Wikidata copies 11 March. But the article's Surrender section says Scott left Bluff for Mexican Hat on 11 March; no one came to his camp until the third day, and Polk and Tse-ne-gat came the day after that, so the surrender came several days after 11 March. Stored as March 1915. Infobox location: San Juan County, Utah and Montezuma County, Colorado.
Congress establishes the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
Technology
A United States federal agency for aeronautical research was created by an act of Congress, attached as a rider to the 1915 naval appropriations bill. Its committee had 12 members.
Notes
Act approved 3 March 1915 (NASA history confirms the date, the naval-appropriations rider and 12 members). The article's 'unpaid' members and '$5,000 a year' budget (from one cited source) were not confirmed outside and are left out.
The Champion is a two-reel silent comedy short from Essanay Studios with Charlie Chaplin, Edna Purviance and Leo White. Broncho Billy Anderson, who co-owned Essanay, can be spotted cheering in a boxing scene.
Notes
Stores the US release, 11 March 1915, given by silentera.com and the Wikipedia infobox. silentera.com lists Gilbert M. Anderson (Broncho Billy) as a fight spectator.
Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider is born in St. Louis, Missouri. He became an American psychologist and computer scientist who foresaw interactive computing and a worldwide computer network.
Laura Spelman Rockefeller dies of a heart attack aged 75, at Kykuit, the family estate at Pocantico Hills, New York. She was an abolitionist, teacher and philanthropist, and the wife of John D. Rockefeller.
· Universal City, California, United States · North America
Carl Laemmle opens Universal Studios in Universal City
Stage, music & filmMedium confidence
Carl Laemmle, who had bought a San Fernando Valley ranch in 1914 and founded Universal City there, opened Universal Studios with a grand opening that lasted two days and drew 10,000 people.
Notes
The article's history section says Laemmle opened the studio on 14 March 1915 with a two-day grand opening (so 14–15 March); its infobox and Wikidata (imported from English Wikipedia) give 15 March 1915 for the Los Angeles studio lot. Wikidata also lists 30 April 1912 (as a movie studio) and 15 July 1964 (as a theme park).
Two children are murdered on Manhattan's East Side
Everyday life
Two young children, a girl on 19 March and a boy on 3 May 1915, were fatally stabbed in Manhattan tenement hallways on the East Side. Letters signed Jack the Ripper reached their mothers, and the killings were never solved.
Notes
Five-year-old Leonore Cohn was attacked about 7:30 p.m. on 19 March 1915 and died soon after being found; four-year-old Charles Murray was killed on 3 May 1915 (article body, citing contemporary newspapers). Wikidata gives only the year 1915, unsourced.
Edgar Lee Masters's collection of free verse poems, written as epitaphs of the residents of a fictional small town, appeared in book form from Macmillan. It had first run in a St. Louis journal.
Notes
Infobox release date April 1915; month precision used (a rare-books listing confirms Macmillan, New York, 1915 but gives no month). The infobox short description calls it a 1916 poetry collection, but the lead and release date give 1915. Serial publication in Reedy's Mirror ran from 29 May 1914 to 5 January 1915. Poem counts (212 characters and 244 accounts in the lead, 213 poems in the first edition and 33 added in 1916 in the body) do not add up and were left out.
William Hale Thompson wins the Chicago mayoral election
Politics & diplomacy
William Hale Thompson, a Republican, beat Democrat Robert Sweitzer for mayor of Chicago. It was the city's first mayoral election after Illinois granted women partial suffrage.
Notes
Date 6 April 1915 and the two candidates confirmed by the Chicago Public Library's Thompson biography. The article's 89% turnout, its claim of more voters than any earlier US municipal election, and the 240,000 women voters were not confirmed outside Wikipedia and are left out; the margin is computed from the infobox totals (398,538 to 251,061).
· Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States · North America
Billie Holiday is born
LivesMedium confidence
Holiday, born Eleanora Fagan, was born in Philadelphia. She became an American jazz and swing singer, nicknamed "Lady Day".
Notes
Birthplace is disputed. The article says Philadelphia (citing her biographer Stuart Nicholson, who drew on three sources, per jazz.com) and mentions that a birth certificate held in the Baltimore archives names a different father; Baltimore, where she grew up and where her statue stands, is often given as her birthplace, and Wikidata lists both (Philadelphia preferred). Philadelphia kept as the better-researched value. Date 7 April 1915 agrees across sources.
· Detroit, Michigan, United States · North America
Harry Morgan is born
Lives
Morgan, born Harry Bratsberg, was born in Detroit. He became an American actor whose film and television work spanned six decades, including a starring role in M*A*S*H, where he played Colonel Sherman T. Potter.
Notes
Birth date, Detroit and the M*A*S*H and Dragnet roles are in the article; Playbill's obituary also confirms the Potter and Gannon roles and 'more than 100 movies' (the '100 films' figure is not in the Wikipedia article). Playbill's printed birth year is a typo.
Charlie Chaplin wrote and directed The Tramp, a two-reel silent film for Essanay Studios, and played its title character, with Edna Purviance as the farmer's daughter.
Notes
Stores the US release, 11 April 1915, given by the Wikipedia infobox and by silentera.com. Wikidata also lists 12 April 1915, referenced only to IMDb.
Nelson W. Aldrich, a Republican who represented Rhode Island in the US Senate from 1881 to 1911, died in New York City. He was a leading voice on tariff and monetary policy.
· Kenosha, Wisconsin, United States · North America
Orson Welles is born
Lives
Orson Welles was born in Kenosha, Wisconsin. He became an American actor and filmmaker who co-wrote, directed and starred in Citizen Kane, and his 1938 radio version of H. G. Wells's The War of the Worlds made him famous overnight.
The post of Chief of Naval Operations is formed in the US Navy
Politics & diplomacy
The US Navy's office of Chief of Naval Operations, today the service's highest-ranking officer, came into being. William S. Benson took it up as the first holder, promoted to temporary rear admiral.
Notes
Wikidata category was sport; changed. Senate passed the appropriations bill creating the position on 3 March 1915.
Paul Samuelson was born in Gary, Indiana. He became an American economist; he was the first American awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences.
Herman Wouk was born in New York City. He became an American author of 15 novels, among them The Caine Mutiny, which earned the 1952 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction.
· Indianapolis Motor Speedway, United States · North America
Ralph DePalma wins the 1915 Indianapolis 500
Sport
The fifth Indianapolis 500 was run on Monday 31 May 1915, after rain flooded the grounds and forced a postponement from Saturday 29 May. Ralph DePalma won, having lost the race in 1912.
· Forest Hills, New York City, United States · North America
1915 U.S. National Championships, first at Forest Hills
SportMedium confidence
The 35th U.S. National Championships tennis event ran in 1915, the first held at Forest Hills in New York City. Women's play was at Philadelphia Cricket Club from June 7 to 12; men's singles ran August 31 to September 8.
Notes
Start is the women's events at Philadelphia Cricket Club; end is the final day of men's singles at Forest Hills. Event spans two venues.
David Rockefeller was born in New York City, the fifth son and youngest child of the Rockefeller couple John Jr. and Abby. He became an investment banker and chairman of Chase Manhattan Corporation.
John Donald Budge was born in Oakland, California. He became an American tennis player who won six Grand Slam singles titles and four professional majors.
Thomas Huckle Weller was born in Ann Arbor, Michigan. He became an American virologist and, in 1954, one of three winners of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
· Springfield, New Jersey, United States · North America
Jerome Travers wins the U.S. Open at Baltusrol
Sport
Amateur Jerome Travers won the 21st U.S. Open by one stroke over Tom McNamara, with a total of 297 on the original course at Baltusrol in Springfield, New Jersey.
Chaplin's silent comedy Work, a 33-minute short co-starring Edna Purviance, reaches audiences in the United States. Shot in Los Angeles at the Majestic Studio, it was his eighth film for Essanay.
Notes
Stores the US release date of 21 June 1915, given by both Wikipedia and silentera.com, which also lists a Spanish release on 28 January 1918 and a US reissue on 1 April 1919.
The Harry Elkins Widener Memorial Library at Harvard was dedicated on 24 June 1915, right after Commencement exercises. His mother Eleanor Elkins Widener built it in memory of her son, who died when the Titanic sank in 1912.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1915 (year); the date is the dedication, not the start of construction
· Syracuse, New York, United States · North America
Willis Carrier and six engineers form a new company in Syracuse
Economy & trade
Carrier joined six other engineers in putting together $32,600 to create the Carrier Engineering Corporation, at a time when his employer Buffalo Forge was narrowing its work to manufacturing. The business later became Carrier Global.
Notes
Carrier's own history site says Carrier Engineering Corporation was incorporated on 26 June 1915 by seven men (Willis Carrier and six colleagues) with $32,600 of capital, and opened for business on 1 July 1915.
· Boston, Massachusetts, United States · North America
Anne of the Island is published
Art & literature
Lucy Maud Montgomery's novel, the third in the Anne of Green Gables series, was published in July 1915 by L. C. Page in Boston. Anne Shirley leaves Avonlea to attend Redmond College in Nova Scotia.
Notes
L.M. Montgomery Online says the book was published in July 1915 by The Page Company (Boston); Wikipedia and Wikidata give only 1915. No day-level date found, so month is stored.
· Vicksburg, Mississippi, United States · North America
Willie Dixon is born
Lives
Willie Dixon was born in Vicksburg, Mississippi. He became an American blues musician, vocalist and record producer, regarded as an exceptionally productive songwriter.
· Cameron County, Texas, United States · North America
Mexican rebels raid Los Indios Ranch, starting the Bandit War
War & conflictMedium confidence
Roughly 40 mounted rebels came over the border from Mexico and attacked Los Indios Ranch in Cameron County, Texas, the first strike in a run of border raids.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1910-1918 for the raids; the infobox gives July 4, 1915 to August 23, 1919. Start date used is the first attack.
A Woman, a 26-minute silent short and Chaplin's ninth film for Essanay, is released in the United States. It was shot at the Majestic Studio in Los Angeles, and its cast includes Edna Purviance and Charles Inslee.
Notes
Stores the US release through the General Film Company, 12 July 1915, given by an Essanay advertisement in Motion Picture News (vol. 12 no. 2, July 1915) and the Wikipedia infobox. No silentera.com entry was found, and the AFI Catalog was not reachable (server timeouts). Wikidata gives the year only.
· Elmshaven, St. Helena, California, United States · North America
Ellen G. White dies
Lives
Ellen G. White, an American author, died at Elmshaven, St. Helena, California. She had helped found the Seventh-day Adventist Church and was its prophet.
Notes
German Wikipedia also gives 16 July 1915 at Elmshaven, St. Helena. The English lead's claim that Steps to Christ appeared in over 140 languages could not be confirmed outside the article, so it is not used.
Alberta voters approved a proposed Liquor Act in a plebiscite, 58,295 to 37,509. Prohibition took effect on 1 July 1916, eleven months after the vote.
Notes
The lead text gives June 21, 1915, but the infobox, the body (referendum date set for July 21, 1915) and Wikidata give 21 July 1915. The infobox total (95,554) differs from the results table (95,804, the sum of 58,295 and 37,509); the table is used. Vote totals come from the English article only; no outside check available. The article's lead claim that this was the first plebiscite asking Alberta voters to decide a public issue was not confirmed outside, so it is not used.
Sir Sandford Fleming, the Scottish-born Canadian engineer, died at his summer cottage in Halifax while cared for by his daughter. He had promoted worldwide standard time zones.
· Hull, Massachusetts, United States · North America
Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. is born
Lives
Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. was born at a rented summer cottage on Nantasket Beach in Hull, Massachusetts, the eldest of nine children. He became a US Navy aviator.
Robert Frost's narrative poem "The Road Not Taken" was first printed in the Atlantic Monthly in August 1915. It was reprinted in 1916 as the opening poem of Mountain Interval.
The Bank is a silent slapstick comedy in which Charlie Chaplin plays a janitor in a bank who dreams that the secretary, Edna Purviance, loves him. It was his tenth film for Essanay.
Notes
Stores the US release through the General Film Company, 9 August 1915, given by Essanay advertisements in Moving Picture World (14 August 1915) and Motion Picture News (7 August 1915) and by the Wikipedia infobox. silentera.com gives 16 August 1915. Shot at the Majestic Studio, Los Angeles. Wikidata gives the year only.
· Marietta, Georgia, United States · North America
Leo Frank is lynched
Lives
Leo Frank, wrongly convicted over the killing of Mary Phagan, aged 13, was kidnapped from prison and lynched at Marietta, Georgia. Modern researchers agree he was innocent.
· San Luis Pass, Texas, United States · North America
Hurricane makes landfall in Texas southwest of Galveston
DisastersMedium confidence
A Category 4 Atlantic hurricane came ashore at San Luis Pass, southwest of Galveston, early on 17 August. Across its whole path it killed 403-405 people and caused at least $30 million in damage; Galveston's new seawall helped protect the city.
Notes
Date is the landfall. The storm formed near Cabo Verde on 5 August; Wikidata gives 5 August to 23 August; extratropical 20 August. Damage figures vary (an early estimate was $50 million).
· Chicago, Illinois, United States · North America
Alice Bradley Sheldon (James Tiptree Jr.) is born
Lives
Alice Hastings Bradley, later Alice Bradley Sheldon, was born in Chicago. She became an American science fiction author who wrote under the pen name James Tiptree Jr.
Norman Foster Ramsey Jr. was born in the US capital. He became an American physicist and Harvard professor who received the 1989 Nobel Prize in Physics for inventing the separated oscillatory field method.
Eamon Joseph O'Brien, later known as Edmond O'Brien, was born in Brooklyn. He acted on stage, in films and on television, also directed films, and won an Academy Award for his role in The Barefoot Contessa.
Regeneration is an American silent crime drama directed by Raoul Walsh, who co-wrote it with Carl Harbaugh, and produced by William Fox. It was adapted from a 1903 memoir and a 1908 play, and was Walsh's first full-length feature as director.
Notes
Stores the US release, 13 September 1915, given by silentera.com, Fox's release schedule in Motography (18 September 1915) and the Wikipedia article; copyright registration was 20 September 1915 (silentera.com). Re-released 12 January 1919. Wikidata gives the year only.
· Grand Isle, Louisiana, United States · North America
Hurricane makes landfall near Grand Isle, Louisiana
DisastersMedium confidence
An intense Category 4 hurricane, weaker at landfall, struck southeast Louisiana near Grand Isle on 29 September. The storm is estimated to have cost 275 lives and $13 million in damage.
Notes
Date is the landfall (29 September, per the English article). The storm formed 21 September per the English article and Wikidata (German Wikipedia says 22 September) and dissipated 1 October. German Wikipedia confirms the Category 4 peak, landfall at Grand Isle, about 275 deaths and about 13 million dollars in damage. Infobox fatalities 275-279. The English lead's claim that it was the most intense cyclone of the 1915 Atlantic season was not confirmed outside, so it is not used.
Jack London's science fiction novel, involving mysticism and reincarnation, was published in October 1915 by Macmillan in New York. In the United Kingdom it appeared as The Jacket.
Notes
The ISFDB entry (via its AuthorWars mirror) records 'Published October, 1915' from the first edition's copyright page, announced by Macmillan for 6 October 1915; Wikipedia and Wikidata give only 1915. No exact publication day confirmed, so month is stored.
Court ruling effectively ends the Motion Picture Patents Company
Economy & trade
On 1 October 1915 a federal court ruled in the case United States v. Motion Picture Patents Co. that the trust, formed in December 1908 by the major American film companies, had broken the Sherman Antitrust Act by illegally restraining trade. The ruling effectively ended the company, which was formally terminated in 1918 after its appeal was dismissed.
Notes
The full article dates the federal court decision that ended the trust to 1 October 1915, citing a New York Times report of 2 October 1915. After an appeals court threw out its appeal, the company was formally wound up in 1918. Wikidata gives dissolution 1915, unreferenced.
· New York City, New York, United States · North America
Jerome Bruner is born
Lives
Jerome Bruner was born in New York City; his parents were Polish Jewish immigrants. He became an American psychologist who contributed to cognitive and educational psychology.
· Pleasant Valley, Nevada, United States · North America
Major earthquake strikes Pleasant Valley, Nevada
DisastersMedium confidence
A strong earthquake struck Pleasant Valley in north-central Nevada late on the evening of 2 October 1915, affecting Pershing County. Damage was limited.
Notes
NOAA UTC date 1915-10-03 06:52; the row stores the local date, 2 October 1915 at 22:53 (article infobox). The magnitude is disputed and therefore not given in the title: NOAA gives Ms 7.6, while the article gives Mw 6.8 and Ms 7.7. NOAA record lists no death or injury figures. The article's lead claim that this was the strongest earthquake ever recorded in Nevada was not confirmed outside, so it is not used.
· Dinosaur Quarry, Utah, United States · North America
Dinosaur National Monument is proclaimed
Politics & diplomacy
President Woodrow Wilson proclaimed the area around the Dinosaur Quarry in Utah a national monument on 4 October 1915. The aim was to protect the quarry, where excavation had begun after Earl Douglass's 1909 discovery.
Notes
Category chosen as politics_diplomacy because the event is a presidential proclamation. The 1915 monument covered only the area around the quarry in Utah; the Colorado part was added in the 1938 expansion. The date of 4 October 1915 is in the infobox and body; German Wikipedia gives the year 1915 and Wikidata's date has one reference. The English lead's figure of over 800 paleontological sites was not confirmed outside and is not used.
Arthur Miller was born in Harlem, New York City. He became an American playwright whose works include All My Sons, Death of a Salesman and The Crucible.
· Ojo de Agua, Texas, United States · North America
Sediciosos raid Ojo de Agua, Texas
War & conflictMedium confidence
On 21 October 1915 Mexican Sediciosos crossed the Rio Grande and assaulted a US Army Signal Corps post at Ojo de Agua, Texas. Reinforcements drove them back into Mexico after the defenders suffered heavy casualties.
Notes
Casualties per infobox: US 4 killed, 8 wounded; Sediciosos 7 killed, about 9 wounded. Infobox and lead give 21 October 1915; one Background sentence says the planned raid was in October 1916. Spanish Wikipedia gives 21 October 1915 but follows the English text. The English lead's claims that this was the last notable clash and that it led officials to send many more troops could not be confirmed outside Wikipedia, so they are not used; no outside check was available.
Cleveland Agreement signed by Czech and Slovak representatives
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
Representatives of the Czech and Slovak people signed an agreement in Cleveland, Ohio, at the Bohemian National Hall, pledging to seek self-determination for both nations in an independent federation.
Notes
Lead says signed on 22 October 1915; the History text says signed on 22 and 23 October 1915, after several months of negotiations. German Wikipedia gives 22 October 1915 as the single signing date, so 23 October is an end date given only by the English History text.
W. E. Hill's ambiguous wife and mother-in-law drawing appears in Puck
Art & literatureMedium confidence
American cartoonist William Ely Hill published the ambiguous drawing in the humour magazine Puck, with a caption inviting readers to find both women in it.
Notes
Infobox says the image was first published in 1888 (a German postcard); the 6 November 1915 date is for Hill's version in Puck. The day rests on the English article alone: German Wikipedia (Meine Frau und meine Schwiegermutter) says only 1915 for the Puck drawing and agrees on the 1888 German postcard, and no outside source for the day was available.
· Westminster, Maryland, United States · North America
Sargent Shriver is born
Lives
Robert Sargent Shriver Jr. is born in Westminster, Maryland. He became a diplomat and politician, was the first director of the Peace Corps, and was the Democratic nominee for vice president in 1972.
· Tuskegee, Alabama, United States · North America
Booker T. Washington dies
Lives
Booker T. Washington, an American educator, author and orator, dies in Tuskegee, Alabama, after an illness. In 1881 he had been named the Tuskegee Institute's first leader, when the school was new.
Moses Koenigsberg, manager for William Randolph Hearst, launched King Features Syndicate as the banner for the Hearst syndication businesses the two had consolidated the year before. The name came from his own, since König is German for king.
Notes
Infobox gives founded 1914, when the syndication enterprises were consolidated, and German Wikipedia also says it was founded in 1914 by Hearst; the launch date of 16 November 1915 comes from the English history text alone and no outside source for it was available. The English lead's figure of about 150 features was not confirmed outside and is not used.
· Sugar House Prison, Utah, United States · North America
Joe Hill is executed
Lives
Swedish-American labor activist and songwriter Joe Hill is executed by firing squad in Utah. He had been convicted of murder in 1914 and wrote songs for the Industrial Workers of the World.
Notes
Wikidata gives Salt Lake City as the place of death, citing Store norske leksikon; the article's infobox names Sugar House Prison, Utah.
· Burlingame, Kansas, United States · North America
Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr. is born
Lives
Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr. is born in Burlingame, Kansas. He became an American pharmacologist and biochemist who won the 1971 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
Chaplin directed and starred in this two-reel silent comedy, playing two roles, Mr. Pest and Mr. Rowdy. It was filmed at the Majestic Studio in Los Angeles, and the story came from a music hall sketch he knew from the Karno Company.
Notes
Stores the US release by Essanay, 20 November 1915, given by silentera.com and Wikipedia; the AFI Catalog lists the film under 1915 without a day. Wikidata gives the year only. Running time: Wikipedia gives 30 minutes, AFI 22 minutes and silentera.com two reels. Filmed at the Majestic Studio in Los Angeles (Wikipedia, silentera.com); re-released in the US in 1919.
William Thomas Strayhorn is born in Dayton, Ohio. He became a jazz composer, pianist, lyricist and arranger who worked with Duke Ellington for nearly three decades.
Henry Taube is born in Neudorf, Saskatchewan, the youngest of four boys. He became a chemist and won the 1983 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for work on electron-transfer reactions.
Notes
The Nobel Prize site confirms birth on 30 November 1915 in Neudorf and the 1983 Chemistry prize, awarded for research on how electron-transfer reactions work, with metal complexes singled out. The English lead's claim that he is the only Saskatchewan-born Nobel laureate was not confirmed outside and is not used.
· Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, United States · North America
Laurel Run mine fire begins in Pennsylvania
Disasters
A fire began on 6 December 1915 at the Red Ash Coal Mine near Laurel Run, Pennsylvania, when a lit carbide lamp ignited a coal bed. It destroyed much of the community of Laurel Run, and the fire is still burning.
Cecil B. DeMille's silent drama The Cheat is released
Stage, music & film
The Cheat, an American silent drama directed by Cecil B. DeMille, was released. It stars Fannie Ward, Sessue Hayakawa and Jack Dean.
Notes
Stores the US release (Paramount program), 13 December 1915, given by the AFI Catalog, silentera.com and the Wikipedia infobox; copyright was registered 8 December 1915. Paramount reissued it on 24 November 1918. Place is the country of release.
· Columbus, Mississippi, United States · North America
Cordella Stevenson is lynched in Columbus, Mississippi
Everyday life
A mob of white men broke into the home of Cordella Stevenson, an African-American woman, at about 10:00 PM in Columbus, Mississippi. They hanged her from a tree beside the Mobile and Ohio Railroad.
Notes
Wikidata category politics_diplomacy changed to everyday_life as the closest fit. The date, 15 December 1915 at about 10:00 PM, is given by the English article and by Spanish Wikipedia, which follows it; no independent outside source was available.
Animator Max Fleischer developed the rotoscope in 1915, a way of tracing over film footage frame by frame to make realistic animated movement. He used it in his Out of the Inkwell series.
Notes
Source does not name a place; region taken from Fleischer being Polish-American. Fleischer filed his rotoscope patent application on 6 December 1915 (granted 9 October 1917) per the Fleischer Studios site. Wikidata also lists 1914 for first use, unsourced.
Alfred A. Knopf Sr. founded the publishing house in New York in 1915 with Blanche Wolf, then his fiancée and later his wife, who is counted as co-founder. The couple travelled abroad often and became known for publishing writers from Europe, Asia and Latin America.
Notes
Harry Ransom Center's organizational history says the firm was founded in 1915 in New York, with Alfred setting up the business and Blanche Wolf then his fiancée; Wikipedia credits both as founders. The firm was incorporated in 1918.
The Federal League, a US professional baseball league that rivalled the National and American Leagues, ended after the 1915 season, when owners of those leagues bought out half of its team owners.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1915. Only the year is stored; the league folded after the 1915 season.
· American Falls, Idaho, United States · North America
Safeway traces its origins to M. B. Skaggs's Idaho grocery store
Economy & tradeMedium confidence
The Safeway supermarket chain dates its beginnings to 1915, when M. B. Skaggs took over his father's cash-only grocery store in American Falls, Idaho. It is now a subsidiary of Albertsons.
Notes
1915 is the founding year in the Safeway article's infobox and categories. The article's own history starts the chain in the 1920s, and a Skaggs biography and an outside reference work say that in 1915 M. B. Skaggs bought his father's American Falls store (the Skaggs biography gives 15 August 1915). The Safeway name was used by Sam Seelig's separate chain (founded 1914 per the reference work) and spread to Skaggs's stores after the 1926 merger. The row therefore records the Skaggs store as the origin, year only.
Equitable Building in Lower Manhattan is completed
ArchitectureMedium confidence
The 38-storey Equitable Building at 120 Broadway, designed by Ernest R. Graham, was finished in 1915 after work began in 1913. It was controversial for lacking setbacks.
Notes
Source gives completion as 1 February 1915 (work completed) and 1 May 1915 (building completed); year used. Wikidata gives 1915.
Metro Pictures Corporation, a forerunner of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, began in 1915 as a film distribution company, later producing films in New York, Los Angeles and Fort Lee, New Jersey.
Notes
Article gives several founding dates: infobox 23 June 1915, lead 'early 1915' in Jacksonville, Florida, body 'February 1915' as a distribution company. Its first release (Satan Sanderson) came on 29 March 1915 and its first own production (Sealed Valley) on 2 August 1915, so the June date cannot be the start of operations. Stored as year because the founding dates differ. The lead dates the purchase to 1919, the body to 1920 (by Marcus Loew). Infobox headquarters is New York City.
Arthur C. Townley, a former Socialist Party organizer, founded the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. It spoke for small farmers and merchants and called for state control of mills, grain elevators and banks.
Solomon Bellows, later Saul Bellow, was born in Lachine, Quebec. He became a Canadian and American writer who won the Pulitzer Prize and the 1976 Nobel Prize in Literature.
Notes
Birth day disputed. The infobox and lead give 10 June 1915, the birthday Bellow celebrated; the early-life section says Jewish Genealogical Society-Montreal records point to 10 July 1915 and quotes his New York Times obituary calling the records inconclusive (June or July 10). Wikidata gives 10 June (citing GND, BnF, Britannica, SNAC and others) and also 10 July (citing American Novelists of Today, 1951). Stored at year precision because the candidate days fall in different months. Britannica and nobelprize.org could not be opened (HTTP 403).
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences publishes its first issue
ScienceMedium confidence
The National Academy of Sciences set up the journal in 1914, and its first issue appeared in 1915. It is a multidisciplinary scientific journal.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1915 as the founding year; the article says the National Academy of Sciences established the journal in 1914 and its first issue appeared in 1915. This row records the first issue.
Frank and Lester Patrick, who owned the Pacific Coast Hockey Association, set up the Seattle Metropolitans as an expansion team. The club played in the league until it folded in 1924.
Rudolph E. Schirmer Sr. and Oscar Sonneck conceived and established The Musical Quarterly, a journal on music, in 1915. Sonneck edited it until his death in 1928.
Notes
The article's claim that this is the oldest academic music journal in America was not confirmed by an independent source (French Wikipedia only repeats it), so it was left out.
Harvey Spencer Lewis founded AMORC, a Rosicrucian organization, in the United States. It later opened lodges in several countries and is now headquartered in San Jose, California.
Notes
French Wikipedia says Lewis founded AMORC in New York on 1 April 1915; German Wikipedia says it was founded in 1915 in New York City and its first lodge was set up there in May 1915. That day is not confirmed by an independent source, so only the year is stored. The English article notes Lewis either founded AMORC or renamed his Rosicrucian Research Society (1904) as AMORC.
Vilhjalmur Stefansson makes the first known visit to Mackenzie King Island
ExplorationMedium confidence
Vilhjalmur Stefansson made the first known visit to this uninhabited island in Canada's Queen Elizabeth Islands in 1915. It was later named after William Lyon Mackenzie King.
Notes
The article says Stefansson made the first known visit in 1915. Nunatsiaq News places his find of the large 'First Land' in 1915 but says it was later found to be separate islands, and the Borden Island article dates its first sighting to 1916, so whether he landed on this island is not independently clear. The 26th-largest ranking was not confirmed outside the article and was dropped.
The Pepsodent Company of Chicago brings out Pepsodent, a minty toothpaste, in the United States.
Notes
The English article gives two dates for the Unilever purchase (1942 in the lead, 1944 in the body); an outside reference work gives 1944, so 1944 is used. Wikidata inception 1915 is unsourced; the article's introduction date is 1915.
Joseph Jacobs dies at home in Yonkers, New York, at the age of 62. Born in Sydney, he collected and published English fairy tales such as Jack and the Beanstalk.
Total solar eclipse crosses northern South America and Guadeloupe
Science
A total solar eclipse of magnitude 1.028 occurred, with totality visible in Colombia, Venezuela and most of Guadeloupe. A partial eclipse could be seen from several regions, including Northwest Africa and Western Europe.
Notes
Region chosen by the Guadeloupe part of the path; totality also crossed Colombia and Venezuela. Greatest eclipse at 16:00 UTC.
Woodrow Wilson designates Bandelier National Monument
Architecture
President Woodrow Wilson designated Bandelier National Monument in New Mexico, named for the Swiss-American anthropologist Adolph Bandelier, who researched the area's cultures.
Stein's Dixie Jass Band starts at Schiller's Cafe in Chicago
Stage, music & filmMedium confidence
A group of musicians including Nick LaRocca, Eddie Edwards and Henry Ragas began playing at Schiller's Cafe in Chicago as Stein's Dixie Jass Band. Most of them later broke away and became the Original Dixieland Jass Band.
Notes
Founding taken as the start of the Schiller's Cafe job on 3 March 1916 (origins section). Per the full article the players left Stein and played as The Dixie Jass Band from 5 June 1916. Infobox gives years active from 1916.
· Columbus, New Mexico, United States · North America
Pancho Villa's forces raid Columbus, New Mexico
War & conflict
Fighters from Pancho Villa's Division of the North attacked the small US border town of Columbus, New Mexico, and fought the US Army's 13th Cavalry Regiment. Villa's force was pushed back into Mexico, and President Wilson sent General Pershing on the Punitive Expedition.
Institute for Government Research (later Brookings Institution) is founded
Politics & diplomacy
Robert S. Brookings founded the Institute for Government Research in Washington, D.C. It started operating on 1 October 1916 and is now the Brookings Institution, a public policy think tank.
· Upper Montclair, New Jersey, United States · North America
Sterling Hayden is born
Lives
Born Sterling Relyea Walter in Upper Montclair, New Jersey, Hayden became an American actor, known for Westerns, film noir and roles in Dr. Strangelove and The Godfather.
· Watkins, Minnesota, United States · North America
Eugene McCarthy is born
Lives
Born in Watkins, Minnesota, McCarthy became a Democratic-Farmer-Labor politician who served in the US House from 1949 to 1959 and the Senate from 1959 to 1971.
Professional Golfers' Association of America is founded
Sport
The PGA of America was founded on 10 April 1916 in a boardroom at the Hotel Martinique in New York, after a luncheon hosted by Rodman Wanamaker in January. Its first championship was held that October.
Nash Motors was founded, based in Kenosha, Wisconsin, and later joined with Hudson Motors, creating American Motors Corporation. Its founder was a former General Motors president.
Pacifist film Civilization premieres in Los Angeles
Stage, music & film
Civilization, a silent drama produced by Thomas H. Ince, tells of a submarine commander who will not fire on a civilian ocean liner. The big-budget spectacle opened at the Majestic Theatre and became a popular success in 1916.
Notes
Stores the world premiere at the Majestic Theatre, Los Angeles, on 17 April 1916, given by the AFI Catalog (as its release date, citing Variety), silentera.com, the Wikipedia article text and Wikidata (referenced to IMDb). The 2 June 1916 in the Wikipedia infobox is the New York premiere at the Criterion Theatre (silentera.com; the AFI Catalog says early June). Copyright was registered on 15 July 1916, which is not a release date. Distributed on a state-rights basis.
Yehudi Menuhin's birthplace was New York City. An American-born violinist and conductor who later held British and Swiss nationality, he performed mostly in Britain.
· Petoskey, Michigan, United States · North America
Claude Shannon is born
Lives
Claude Shannon was born in Petoskey, Michigan. He became an American mathematician, electrical engineer and cryptographer, known as the father of information theory.
· Glenn Springs, Texas, United States · North America
Raiders from Mexico attack Glenn Springs, Texas
War & conflict
On the night of 5 to 6 May 1916, Villista and Carrancista raiders attacked Glenn Springs and Boquillas in Texas. They burned buildings, fought American soldiers and took two hostages to Coahuila, and four Americans were killed.
Notes
The raid ran through the night of 5 to 6 May; the infobox date is 5 May 1916.
Yiddish author and playwright Sholem Aleichem died in New York, aged 57, from tuberculosis and diabetes while working on his last novel. His funeral took place on 15 May.
Notes
Article gives 13 May 1916 in text and infobox, but also notes a claim that his gravestone reads 'May 12' and that the Hebrew dates on it are Iyar 10; Wikidata agrees with 13 May.
The American political magazine Harper's Weekly, published in New York City by Harper & Brothers, put out its last issue on 13 May 1916. It had begun on 3 January 1857.
Jesse Washington, a 17-year-old African American farmhand accused of murdering Lucy Fryer, was lynched outside Waco's city hall on 15 May 1916 before a crowd of over 10,000. The event was known as the Waco Horror.
In this American silent comedy, Chaplin's Tramp causes chaos in a department store and gets tangled in a plot by the manager and the floorwalker to embezzle money. It was his first film for Mutual Film Corporation.
Notes
Stores the release date, 15 May 1916, given by the Wikipedia infobox and silentera.com (Lone Star production, distributed by Mutual). The AFI feature-film catalog search found no entry for this two-reel short. Wikidata gives 1916 (year only).
The silent film Sherlock Holmes with William Gillette is released
Stage, music & film
Essanay made this seven-reel silent film of Sherlock Holmes, released through V-L-S-E on 15 May 1916, with Arthur Berthelet directing and William Gillette in the title role. It was adapted from Gillette's 1899 stage play.
Notes
Stores the release date, 15 May 1916, given by the Wikipedia infobox, the AFI Catalog, silentera.com and Wikidata (referenced to IMDb). Copyright 5 May 1916 (LP8239). AFI and silentera give the distributor as V-L-S-E; Wikipedia's infobox names Essanay. Silentera says the print was identified and restored by the Cinematheque francaise.
Harold Robbins, the American author of best-selling novels, was born in New York City.
Notes
Born Francis Kane. English Wikipedia says his books sold over 750 million copies in 32 languages, while German Wikipedia estimates over 200 million; the reader text therefore gives no sales figure. Birth name is disputed. English Wikipedia (citing Wilson 2011) says he was born Francis Kane to unknown parents and adopted by Charles Rubin and Frances 'Fannie' Smith, and that Robbins later falsely claimed to be an orphan. German Wikipedia says he was born Harold Rubin, son of Russian and Polish immigrants, and Italian Wikipedia also gives Rubin as his surname. The reader text therefore gives no birth name or parentage.
· Indianapolis Motor Speedway, United States · North America
Dario Resta wins the 1916 Indianapolis 500
Sport
Dario Resta won the sixth Indianapolis 500, leading 103 of the 120 laps with riding mechanic Bob Dahnke. The 21-car field was the smallest in the race's history, and the distance was shorter than usual.
Notes
The infobox attendance of 83,000 was not confirmed outside Wikipedia and is left out of the reader text.
John S. Mosby, a Confederate cavalry commander nicknamed the Gray Ghost, died in Washington, D.C. After the American Civil War he worked as a lawyer and served as US consul to Hong Kong.
West Coast longshore workers begin a coast-wide strike
Economy & trade
Longshore workers in all twelve West Coast ports walked out on 1 June 1916, seeking better pay and the end of open-shop hiring. The last Puget Sound locals settled on 4 October 1916 without winning a closed shop.
Campaigners for women's suffrage in the United States formed the National Woman's Party. Its best-known leader was Alice Paul, and it later pressed for the Equal Rights Amendment.
Notes
Former name per infobox: Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage. Infobox headquarters is Washington, D.C., which is not stated as the place of formation.
The 1916 U.S. National Championships tennis tournament
SportMedium confidence
The 36th U.S. National Championships were staged at Forest Hills, New York City, where the men's singles ran from 28 August to 5 September; the women's singles and doubles were played in June at the Philadelphia Cricket Club.
Notes
Women's events 5 to 12 June in Chestnut Hill; men's singles 28 August to 5 September at Forest Hills.
The Cleveland Museum of Art opened its doors to the public in Wade Park, in a neoclassical building. The museum's Armor Court dates from that opening and was set up by its first director, Frederic Allen Whiting.
Notes
Infobox: established 1913, officially opened in 1916. Wikidata class reads 'publishing house', which looks wrong.
The Fall of a Nation, directed by Thomas Dixon Jr., is an American silent drama that follows on from The Birth of a Nation. No copy of the film is known now, but the whole score has survived.
Notes
Stores the premiere at the Liberty Theater, New York City, on 6 June 1916, given by the AFI Catalog (premiere information) and silentera.com (as its release date); the Wikipedia infobox gives the same day and cites a New York Times review of 7 June. The AFI Catalog gives 18 September 1916 as the general release date (V-L-S-E). Copyright was registered on 6 June 1916. Wikidata gives the year only.
Republicans nominate Charles Evans Hughes in Chicago
Politics & diplomacy
At the Republican National Convention in Chicago, Supreme Court Justice Charles Evans Hughes was chosen as presidential nominee after three ballots, and Charles W. Fairbanks was picked as his running mate. Party leaders hoped to heal the split of 1912.
· San Francisco, California, United States · North America
Robert McNamara is born
Lives
Robert McNamara, later an American businessman and government official, is born in San Francisco. He became the eighth United States secretary of defense.
American author Jean Webster, pen name of Alice Jane Chandler Webster, died at the Sloane Hospital for Women in New York City. She wrote Daddy-Long-Legs and its sequel Dear Enemy.
Herbert Alexander Simon entered the world in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He grew into a scholar whose work reached computer science, economics and cognitive psychology.
Shark attacks along the New Jersey coast kill four people
Disasters
Between 1 and 12 July, sharks attacked five people along the New Jersey coast. Four died and one was critically injured, setting off shark hunts and a rethink of what scientists believed about sharks.
Notes
Source gives the span 'between July 1 and 12'; the exact day of the first attack is not separated out. Candidate category everyday_life changed to disaster_nature.
Sieur de Monts National Monument is established in Maine
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
Woodrow Wilson issued a proclamation creating Sieur de Monts National Monument in Maine, placed under the National Park Service. It was renamed Lafayette National Park in 1919 and Acadia National Park in 1929.
Notes
Established as a national monument on 8 July 1916; Wikidata gives this date (preferred rank) referenced to Wilson's proclamation. Wikidata also gives 26 February 1919 (unreferenced), when it became Lafayette National Park; renamed Acadia National Park on 19 January 1929.
The Vagabond is an American silent romantic comedy by Charlie Chaplin, his third film for Mutual. It stars Edna Purviance and Eric Campbell and mixes drama and pathos into the comedy.
Notes
Stores the US release of 10 July 1916 (Mutual), given by silentera.com and the Wikipedia article; a search of the AFI Catalog found no entry. Silentera.com calls it the third of Chaplin's Mutual contract films. Wikidata gives the year only.
· San Francisco, California, United States · North America
Bomb kills 10 at the Preparedness Day parade in San Francisco
War & conflictMedium confidence
A suitcase bomb exploded during a San Francisco parade held by supporters of the Preparedness Movement, killing 10 people and wounding 40. Thomas Mooney and Warren Billings were convicted but were later pardoned.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1916-06-22; the infobox, lead and body all give 22 July 1916.
· Indianapolis, Indiana, United States · North America
James Whitcomb Riley dies
LivesMedium confidence
James Whitcomb Riley, the American writer known as the 'Hoosier Poet', died in Indianapolis, Indiana.
Notes
The English article's lead and infobox say 22 July 1916, but its body (citing Van Allen, p. 262) says he had a second stroke on 22 July and died before dawn on 23 July. German Wikipedia gives 22 July 1916; the auditor also reported contemporary newspapers saying he died late on the evening of 22 July. 22 July is stored.
German agents set fire to munitions made in the US and waiting to be shipped to the Allies, at Black Tom in New York Harbor. At least seven people died and hundreds were wounded. The blast also damaged the Statue of Liberty.
Notes
Infobox time 2:08 a.m. EST; infobox location Jersey City, lead says New York Harbor.
United States and Denmark sign the treaty for the Danish West Indies
Politics & diplomacy
Denmark's minister and the US Secretary of State signed the treaty at the Biltmore Hotel in New York. The United States was to pay US$25,000,000 in gold for the islands and agree to cede its interest in Greenland.
Notes
Signed by Constantin Brun and Robert Lansing; ratified 1916-1917.
One A.M. was a two-reel silent short made by Charlie Chaplin for Mutual Film. Apart from a brief taxi-driver part, Chaplin is the only performer, and he plays a wealthy drunk rather than the Tramp.
Notes
Stores the US release of 7 August 1916 (Mutual), given by silentera.com, the Wikipedia infobox and Wikidata; a search of the AFI Catalog found no entry. The Wikipedia article calls it the first film Chaplin starred in alone; silentera.com also lists Albert Austin as the taxi driver, so the row says almost alone.
Lassen Peak, Cinder Cone and the land around them were made a national park in northeastern California. Eruptions on Lassen had been under way since May 1914.
A Category 4 hurricane crossed the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico, killing 17 people in Jamaica, then struck southern Texas near Baffin Bay, where 20 people died. The 37 deaths and $11.8 million in damage were counted over its eight-day path.
Notes
Dates are the storm's formation (12 August) and dissipation (20 August), matching Polish Wikipedia and Wikidata. The English article gives the Texas landfall near Baffin Bay as 5:00 p.m. CST on 18 August in its detailed section and image caption, while one passage says the evening of 16 August; 18 August is the better supported.
· Newberry, Florida, United States · North America
The Newberry Six lynchings take place in Florida
Everyday life
After a constable was shot dead while trying to serve a warrant on Boisey Long, a mob of 200 took relatives and friends of Long from jail and hanged them from one oak tree near Newberry. No arrests were ever made.
Notes
Events began late on 17 August; the hangings took place the morning of 18 August. One historian puts the toll at up to nine killed.
United States Congress creates the National Park Service
Politics & diplomacy
Congress set up the National Park Service through the National Park Service Organic Act, and President Woodrow Wilson signed the act. The agency was to conserve the scenery, objects and wildlife of the parks.
President Woodrow Wilson signed a law calling for a very large expansion of the US Navy, including ten battleships, six battlecruisers and sixty-seven submarines, to be built over about ten years.
Notes
Introduced 29 May 1916; passed House 2 June, Senate 21 July; House agreed 15 August 1916.
President Woodrow Wilson signed a federal law banning interstate sales of goods made with child labor. It took effect on 1 September 1917.
Notes
The English infobox gives the signing as 1 September 1916 and the passage dates (House 2 February, Senate 8 August 1916); the article text only says signed in 1916 and in effect on 1 September 1917. No outside check available for the signing day (no other-language article exists and the approved newspaper archive could not be reached), so the day rests on the infobox.
The Ontario city of Berlin took the name Kitchener after a close referendum in May and a vote on a new name in June. The change reflected anti-German feeling during the First World War.
Griffith's three-and-a-half-hour silent epic, which intercuts four stories set centuries apart, premiered at the Liberty Theatre in New York. Critics count it among the silent period's most influential pictures.
Notes
Stores the New York premiere at the Liberty Theatre, 5 September 1916, given by the AFI Catalog, silentera.com and the Wikipedia infobox. A trial showing was held in Riverside, California, on 5 August 1916 (AFI, silentera.com).
At a meeting on 2 October 1916, Harry M. Wegeforth set up the Zoological Society of San Diego. The zoo itself began with animals left after the 1915 Panama-California Exposition.
Notes
The 2 October 1916 meeting founded the Zoological Society of San Diego; German Wikipedia gives the same date for the zoo's founding.
· Siwanoy Country Club, Bronxville (Eastchester), New York, United States · North America
First PGA Championship is held
Sport
Siwanoy Country Club near Bronxville, New York, hosted the first PGA Championship, a match play event won by Jim Barnes. The Professional Golfers Association of America had been set up in New York City that February.
Notes
Main PGA Championship article gives October 1916; the event's own article (1916 PGA Championship) gives 10–14 October 1916, with rounds dated in its bracket and New York Times match reports of 12 and 14 October 1916. The main article places Siwanoy in Bronxville, the event article in Eastchester; both refer to the same club. Merged duplicate row 1916-10-10-first-pga-championship-is-played-at-siwanoy (First PGA Championship is played at Siwanoy). Its notes: Played 10 to 14 October 1916 as match play with 32 players.
A Daughter of the Gods is an American silent fantasy drama written and directed by Herbert Brenon, starring Annette Kellermann. Fox Film Corporation shot it in Jamaica, where very large sets were built.
Notes
Stores the premiere at the Lyric Theatre, New York, on 17 October 1916, which the AFI Catalog also gives as the release date; the Wikipedia infobox agrees. Wikipedia places the filming at Kingston, Jamaica; AFI says St. Anne's Bay, near Kingston. Region is the country that made the film (United States).
· Irondale, Alabama, United States · North America
Magnitude 5.1 earthquake shakes Irondale, Alabama
Disasters
An earthquake of estimated magnitude 5.1 struck north-central Alabama on 18 October 1916. It cracked windows, brought down chimneys and dried up wells in Shelby and Jefferson counties, caused widespread panic, and killed no one.
Notes
Infobox local time 16:04 CST; infobox timestamp 1916-10-18 22:04. Magnitude 5.1 is an estimate. No other-language article exists for this earthquake, so no outside check was available.
· Abbeville, South Carolina, United States · North America
Anthony Crawford is lynched in Abbeville, South Carolina
Lives
Anthony Crawford, a successful African American landowner, was killed by a lynch mob at Abbeville on 21 October 1916 after a dispute over the price of cottonseed. Two days later local white citizens voted to expel his family and seize their property.
Notes
Candidate category was politics_diplomacy; filed as a death.
· St. Joseph, Missouri, United States · North America
Walter Cronkite is born
Lives
Walter Leland Cronkite Jr. was born in Saint Joseph, Missouri. He grew up to anchor CBS's evening news programme between 1962 and 1981 and was often called the most trusted man in America.
· Everett, Washington, United States · North America
Everett massacre: IWW members and deputies clash
Politics & diplomacy
About 300 Industrial Workers of the World members sailed from Seattle to Everett on two steamers, where they met an armed confrontation with local authorities and deputized citizens. The day became known as Bloody Sunday.
Notes
Wikidata category was technology_invention; changed to politics_diplomacy. Casualties by side per infobox: IWW/shingle weavers 5+ dead, 27 injured, 75 arrested; police and vigilantes 2 dead, 20 injured (the text gives the deputies' wounded as 16 or 20).
Democratic President Woodrow Wilson narrowly defeated Republican Charles Evans Hughes, winning 277 electoral votes to 254 and about 600,000 more popular votes.
United States holds Senate elections alongside the presidential vote
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
Senate elections were held across the United States as Woodrow Wilson won re-election. Republicans gained a net two seats from the Democrats, leaving the Democrats with a 52-44 majority after later vacancies.
Notes
Maine's elections were held September 11, 1916; special elections and some states differ. Most contests were on November 7.
United States holds House of Representatives elections
Politics & diplomacy
Voters elected all 435 House seats, mostly on 7 November 1916, with Maine voting on 11 September. Republicans won 215 seats to the Democrats' 214, and Jeannette Rankin of Montana became the first woman elected to Congress.
Republican Charles Evans Hughes won Minnesota's 12 electoral votes over President Woodrow Wilson by just 392 votes, a margin of about one vote in 988.
Notes
French Wikipedia confirms the vote totals (179,544 to 179,152, a 392-vote margin). The 'closest a Democrat came since 1858' point rests on the English article.
New York votes for Charles Evans Hughes for president
Politics & diplomacy
New York's 45 electors went to Republican Charles Evans Hughes, a former governor of the state, who took 51.53 percent against Woodrow Wilson's 44.51 percent.
Notes
No other-language article exists for this event, so no outside check was available; figures rest on the English article.
New Jersey votes for Charles Evans Hughes for president
Politics & diplomacy
New Jersey's 14 electors went to Republican Charles Evans Hughes, who won 54.40 percent of the vote. Woodrow Wilson, the state's former governor, took 42.68 percent and lost his home state.
Notes
No other-language article exists for this event, so no outside check was available; figures rest on the English article.
Florida voters chose Sidney J. Catts, running on the Prohibition Party ticket, as governor. He beat Democrat William V. Knott after Catts was denied the Democratic nomination following a recount in a disputed primary.
Notes
Primary elections were held on June 6. No other-language article exists for this event, so no outside check was available; figures rest on the English article.
Illinois votes for Charles Evans Hughes for president
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
Illinois's 29 electors went to Republican Charles Evans Hughes, who won 52.56% of the vote against President Woodrow Wilson's 43.34%.
Notes
Article also mentions 11 April 1916 primaries; those are separate events. The 'first candidate over a million votes in one state' claim appears only in the English article and could not be checked elsewhere; no other-language article exists.
A loaded streetcar drove off the Summer Street Bridge while it stood open, falling into Fort Point Channel near downtown Boston. At least 46 passengers died, though sources differ on the exact toll.
Notes
Infobox gives the time as around 5:25 p.m. ET. The English article counts 46 dead (45 bodies at first and the 46th found in May 1917); German Wikipedia says about 50 and notes sources vary between 47 and 52. Date is the same in both.
Vermont votes for Charles Evans Hughes for president
Politics & diplomacy
Vermont's four electors went to Republican Charles Evans Hughes, who took 62.43 percent of the vote against Woodrow Wilson's 35.22 percent. Only one county, Grand Isle, went to Wilson.
Notes
The 'most Republican' wording comes from the English article only. French Wikipedia confirms the date and four electors. The article's claim that Vermont was the most Republican state in the union in 1916 rests on one Leip's Atlas page; no outside check was available, so it was dropped from the reader text.
California votes in the 1916 presidential election
Politics & diplomacy
California narrowly chose Democratic incumbent Woodrow Wilson over Republican Charles Evans Hughes, giving Wilson its 13 electoral votes. Wilson took 46.65% to Hughes's 46.27%.
Notes
No other-language article exists for this event, so no outside check was available. The 267 to 264 figure is stated in the article body (consistent with the national 277 to 254 result when California's 13 votes are moved).
· Flagstaff, Arizona, United States · North America
Percival Lowell dies
Lives
Percival Lowell, an American astronomer who founded Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona, died of a stroke aged 61. He had promoted the idea of canals on Mars and searched for a ninth planet.
· Fort Lee, New Jersey, United States · North America
Goldwyn Pictures Corporation is founded
Economy & trade
Samuel Goldfish, who worked at Lasky's Feature Play Company, and the Broadway producers Edgar and Archibald Selwyn founded a film company named by joining their surnames. Its Leo the Lion logo later passed to MGM.
· Glen Ellen, California, United States · North America
Jack London dies
Lives
Jack London died at Glen Ellen, California. He was an American novelist, journalist and activist, and wrote the Alaska-set tales White Fang and The Call of the Wild.
· Amsterdam, New York, United States · North America
Kirk Douglas is born
Lives
Kirk Douglas was born Issur Danielovitch in Amsterdam, New York. He became a film actor and filmmaker, a leading box-office star through the 1950s, and appeared in more than 90 films.
Shirley Jackson was born in San Francisco. She became a writer known mainly for horror and mystery, including the short story "The Lottery" and the novel The Haunting of Hill House.
Hugo Münsterberg, a German-American psychologist and pioneer of applied psychology, died suddenly in Cambridge, Massachusetts, after an intracerebral hemorrhage while lecturing at Radcliffe College.
Notes
16 December 1916 per the article; Wikidata gives the same date citing the GND, BnF and the Great Norwegian Encyclopedia. Wikidata also lists 16 January 1916, citing only a Russian online encyclopedia (Pedagogues and Psychologists of the World).
Elizabeth Ruth Grable was born in St. Louis, Missouri. She worked as an actress, dancer, model and singer, and was an American pin-up girl, and became a leading film star of the 1940s.
Cecil B. DeMille's silent film about Joan of Arc, starring Geraldine Farrar, premiered in New York City on Christmas Day.
Notes
Stores the New York City premiere of 25 December 1916 given in the Wikipedia infobox; the AFI Catalog gives the same date as the release date and lists a copyright date of 12 December 1916. The theatre is not named in either source as checked. Box office and budget figures are from Wikipedia, citing Birchard's Cecil B. DeMille's Hollywood.
· Virginia, Minnesota, United States · North America
Lumber strike begins in northern Minnesota
Economy & trade
On 28 December 1916 IWW-organized mill hands walked off the job at the large Virginia and Rainy Lake sawmill in Virginia, Minnesota. Lumberjacks joined on 1 January 1917, and the union formally ended the strike on 1 February 1917.
· Seattle, Washington, United States · North America
Alice Ball dies
Lives
American chemist whose method of turning chaulmoogra oil into injectable ethyl esters, the Ball Method, was used to treat Hansen's disease.
Notes
German Wikipedia says she died in Seattle, where she was born. The English infobox gives only the U.S., and its body says she came back to Seattle for treatment some months earlier. The English article calls the cause of death uncertain.
The United States introduced the blue discharge, a form of administrative discharge neither honorable nor dishonorable. It replaced two earlier classifications and remained in use until 1947.
Terman publishes the Stanford revision of the Binet-Simon scale
ScienceMedium confidence
Stanford University psychologist Lewis Terman brought out his revision of the Binet-Simon intelligence test, one of the earliest versions adapted for people in the United States. It counts as the first edition of the Stanford-Binet scales, which have since had four revised editions.
Notes
Year from the revision timeline ('1916: Stanford-Binet First Edition by Terman'). Place left blank: Terman worked at Stanford University, but no place of publication is given.
Congress provides for the Reserve Officers' Training Corps
War & conflict
The National Defense Act of 1916 included the provision to formally establish ROTC, after a delegation from Ohio urged Congress to act. The first unit was set up at Harvard that year.
Notes
Year only; a statement by Ralph D. Mershon is dated 7 February 1916.
· Pikes Peak, Colorado, United States · North America
First Pikes Peak hill climb is held
SportMedium confidence
The first Pikes Peak hill climb up Colorado's Pikes Peak took place, with Rea Lentz winning the car class and Floyd Clymer the motorcycle class. The event is still held as an annual race.
Notes
Year only; day not given. Winner times 20:55.600 (car) and 21:58.410 (motorcycle).
Harper's Magazine ran The Mysterious Stranger in seven parts, and Harper & Brothers issued it as a book after Twain's death. The text was a heavily edited version of Twain's unfinished manuscripts.
The chain started in 1916 with a hot dog stand at Coney Island, Brooklyn, selling at a nickel each. Its founders were Nathan and Ida Handwerker, and the chain later grew to 198 locations.
· Boston, Massachusetts, United States · North America
Boston's Jewish community founds Beth Israel Hospital
Medicine & epidemics
Beth Israel Hospital was set up by Boston's Jewish community to meet the needs of a growing immigrant population. It merged with New England Deaconess Hospital in 1996 to form Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center.
U.S. Rubber founded Keds, a brand of canvas shoes with rubber soles.
Notes
Founding year 1916 per English and German Wikipedia. The English article's statement that Keds made the first canvas sneaker sold on a mass scale was not confirmed elsewhere and was dropped.
During the Canadian Arctic Expedition Vilhjalmur Stefansson explored and named Lougheed Island, an uninhabited island of the Queen Elizabeth Islands, camping on its southwest tip in August 1916.
Notes
Year only. English Wikipedia calls 1916 the first known sighting by a European; German Wikipedia says the island is probably the 'Findlay Island' seen by Belcher's expedition on 27 April 1853 and that Stefansson showed it to be one of several islands, mapped it and named the largest after Lougheed, camping there in August 1916. The row therefore stores Stefansson's 1916 exploration, not a first sighting.
· Hollywood, California, United States · North America
Famous Players and the Lasky company merge to form Famous Players-Lasky
Economy & tradeMedium confidence
Adolph Zukor's Famous Players Film Company merged with the Jesse L. Lasky Feature Play Company to form Famous Players-Lasky, an American film production and distribution company that ran until 1933.
Notes
Dates differ: the infobox gives founded 28 June 1916, The New York Times reported the merger on 29 June 1916 (cited in the article), and Wikidata gives 28 June citing history.com; the body text says the two companies merged on 19 July 1916, within a week of the 13 July Paramount board meeting. Year stored because June and July both have support. The body also dates the incorporation of all subsidiaries into one corporation to 29 December 1917. Wikidata also holds 1927-04-01 and 1930-04-24, tied to the later names Paramount Famous Lasky Corporation and Paramount Publix Corporation.
Last known speaker of the Yahi dialect of Yana dies
Everyday lifeMedium confidence
Ishi, last speaker of the Yahi dialect of the Yana language of north-central California, died in 1916, and the language is listed as extinct from then.
291 was a monthly arts and literary magazine published in New York City, created by Alfred Stieglitz, Marius de Zayas, Agnes E. Meyer and Paul Haviland. Its run ended in 1916.
Notes
Published 1915 to 1916; the excerpt gives no day or month for the last issue.
A school of hygiene and public health is founded at Johns Hopkins
Medicine & epidemics
Johns Hopkins University founded a school of public health in Baltimore. The Rockefeller Foundation's executive committee approved the plan in June 1916. It is now the Bloomberg School of Public Health.
Notes
Rockefeller Foundation approval of the plan is dated June 1916; the source gives the founding at year level only.
· St. Joseph, Missouri, United States · North America
Jane Wyman is born
Lives
Sarah Jane Mayfield, later the actress Jane Wyman, is born in St. Joseph, Missouri. She became a film and television star and won an Academy Award for Best Actress for Johnny Belinda.
William Frederick Cody, known as Buffalo Bill, died in Denver, Colorado. He had been an army scout and showman; in 1883 he set up Buffalo Bill's Wild West, which toured the United States and Europe.
On 10 January 1917 women's suffrage supporters under Alice Paul's National Woman's Party began a silent protest outside the White House. Over the following two and a half years about 2,000 women took part.
Notes
The protest began the day after a meeting with President Wilson on 9 January 1917 and continued until 4 June 1919. French Wikipedia confirms the 10 January 1917 start and about 2,000 participants. Figures of nearly 500 arrests and 168 jailed, and the English article's statement that no group had picketed the White House before them, could not be confirmed outside the article and were left out.
On 28 January 1917 Mexican women riding a trolley across the Santa Fe Street Bridge resisted new border rules requiring disinfecting baths and vaccination. Carmelita Torres is known to have started the protest, which lasted until 30 January.
Notes
Lead and Spanish Wikipedia give 28 to 30 January; a body passage says the convention and the violence ended on 31 January 1917. Bridge links El Paso, Texas, and Ciudad Juárez, Mexico.
Congress passes the Immigration Act of 1917 over Wilson's veto
Politics & diplomacy
The Burnett Act added literacy tests, created new groups of inadmissible people and barred immigration from the Asia-Pacific region. It became law after Congress overrode President Wilson's December 1916 veto.
Notes
Infobox: House override 1 February 1917 (287-106), Senate override 5 February 1917 (62-20). Infobox also lists 8 January 1917 for other stages.
The 65th Congress began its two-year term in Washington, D.C., with Democrats running the Senate and, with Progressive and Socialist support, the House. It declared war on Germany in April 1917 and was still sitting when the First World War ended.
Notes
Term runs 4 March 1917 to 4 March 1919. The earlier note that the first session began 5 March 1917 and the claim that Rankin became a member on opening day were not confirmed, so the text says only that her term began with this Congress (her infobox term start is 4 March 1917).
Wilson took the oath for his second term in a public ceremony at the East Portico of the Capitol. Chief Justice Edward D. White administered it. Crowds of men assaulted women picketing the White House for the vote.
Notes
A private oath was taken on Sunday 4 March 1917 in the President's Room; the public ceremony was Monday 5 March 1917.
This American comedy-drama directed by Maurice Tourneur starred Mary Pickford and was released on 5 March 1917. Frances Marion adapted it from a 1913 play by Eleanor Gates, and it was shot in Fort Lee, New Jersey.
The Original Dixieland Jass Band's record of Livery Stable Blues, paired with Dixieland Jass Band One-Step, was released by Victor on 7 March 1917. It had been recorded in New York City on 26 February 1917.
American painter Albert Pinkham Ryder died in New York City at the house of a friend who had been caring for him. His health had been in decline since around 1915.
Fountain, a signed urinal, is submitted to a New York exhibition
Art & literatureMedium confidence
In April 1917 a porcelain urinal signed 'R. Mutt' was entered for the first Society of Independent Artists show at New York's Grand Central Palace. It was attributed to Marcel Duchamp but never placed in the exhibition area.
Notes
Attributed to Duchamp; recent research by Glyn Thompson proposes Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven. The original is lost. Month is of submission.
Scott Joplin, the American pianist and composer known as the 'King of Ragtime', dies in New York City. His death in 1917 is taken to mark the close of the ragtime era.
Notes
Wikidata also lists 17 April 1917, referenced to the German National Library record; English and German Wikipedia and other Wikidata references give 1 April. The 1976 Pulitzer Prize in the article could not be confirmed outside, so the interest line leaves it out.
Congress passed a joint resolution declaring war on the German Empire, and President Woodrow Wilson signed it the same day, bringing the United States officially into the First World War.
Notes
Wilson asked Congress for a declaration on 2 April 1917. The article's lead says the Senate passed it that day, but its body and Russian Wikipedia give 4 April for the Senate (82-6); the House passed it on 6 April (373-50), although Russian Wikipedia's infobox gives 5 April for the House. The declaration is dated 6 April 1917.
· Boston, Massachusetts, United States · North America
Richard Olney dies
Lives
Richard Olney, an American lawyer and statesman, dies in Boston at the age of 81. He had served as Attorney General from 1893 to 1895 and Secretary of State from 1895 to 1897.
Wilson creates the Committee on Public Information
Politics & diplomacy
President Woodrow Wilson set up the Committee on Public Information by Executive Order 2594. George Creel chaired it, and its job was to build public support for the US war effort in World War I.
Notes
Lead counts its 26 months from 14 April 1917; German Wikipedia also gives Executive Order 2594 of 13 April 1917. The 75,000 volunteers figure (a boast by George Creel, per the article) could not be confirmed outside and is left out.
Charlie Chaplin wrote, directed and starred in this silent comedy short, with Edna Purviance and Eric Campbell. Its story centres on drink, and it was made while politicians argued over the harms of alcohol.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1917-04-14; the infobox gives 16 April 1917, and German, French, Spanish and Italian Wikipedia also give 16 April (the opening day is the film's recorded release in US cinemas). Sound re-release 19 August 1932.
Roscoe Arbuckle wrote, directed and starred in this two-reel silent comedy, released in the United States on 23 April 1917. It opened his run of comedies for Comique.
· Haverford, Pennsylvania, United States · North America
American Friends Service Committee is founded
Everyday lifeMedium confidence
Members of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) in the United States set up the American Friends Service Committee as a joint effort to help civilians harmed by World War I.
Notes
The 30 April 1917 day is given by the infobox and Wikidata (unreferenced); the article's history section says only 'April 1917' for the first Quaker meeting in Philadelphia, and no outside source on the approved list gives the day, so it stays unconfirmed. Infobox gives origins as Haverford, Pennsylvania and the organisation's location as Philadelphia; the history section describes the meeting as in Philadelphia, days after the US entered the war.
Selective Service Act creates the US Selective Service System
Politics & diplomacy
Congress passed the Selective Service Act of 1917 on 18 May 1917, setting up the Selective Service System to run the draft. This followed the American declaration of war on Germany on 6 April.
Belva Ann Lockwood, an American lawyer, educator and suffrage activist, dies in Washington, D.C., and is buried in Congressional Cemetery. She had run for president in 1884 and 1888.
· Memphis, Tennessee, United States · North America
Ell Persons is lynched in Memphis
Politics & diplomacy
Ell Persons, a black man accused in the killing of 15-year-old Antoinette Rappel, was taken by a mob while awaiting trial and burned alive in Memphis, Tennessee. No one was charged.
First Expeditionary Division, later the 1st Infantry Division, is constituted
War & conflict
A few weeks after the United States entered World War I, the Regular Army constituted the First Expeditionary Division, later designated the 1st Infantry Division. It was organized at Fort Jay in New York harbor on 8 June 1917.
Notes
Constituted 24 May 1917; organized 8 June 1917. Wikidata gives 1917.
· Brookline, Massachusetts, United States · North America
John F. Kennedy is born in Brookline
Lives
John Fitzgerald Kennedy is born in Brookline, Massachusetts, into the Kennedy family. He became the 35th US president, in office from 1961 until his assassination in 1963.
Indiana adopted Paul Hadley's design as its official state banner on 31 May 1917, after the General Assembly called for a new flag to mark the 1916 centennial. The design has not changed since, and its specifications were standardised in 1955.
Notes
Candidate category war_conflict was wrong; changed to politics_diplomacy. Third official flag of Indiana.
Alfred Stieglitz's quarterly photographic journal brought out its last issue in June 1917, ending a run of 50 issues that began in 1903.
Notes
English Wikipedia says the final double issue (Nos. 49/50, devoted to Paul Strand) appeared in June 1917; German Wikipedia says the run lasted to 1917 with 50 issues. The 'early 1916' passage in the body refers to Stieglitz's other journal 291, not Camera Work.
American writer H. P. Lovecraft wrote the short story The Tomb in June 1917. It follows Jervas Dudley, who becomes fixated on a mausoleum near his childhood home.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1917 only; the article gives June 1917 for writing. First published March 1922.
The prizes, set up by the will of newspaper publisher Joseph Pulitzer and administered by Columbia University, were first awarded on 4 June 1917.
Notes
Wikidata also gives 1917-01-01 (P571). Award place not stated beyond Columbia University administration. Merged duplicate row 1917-06-04-the-first-pulitzer-prizes-are-presented (The first Pulitzer Prizes are presented).
Melvin Jones's group holds the founding meeting of the Lions Clubs
Everyday life
After contacting similar groups across the United States, Chicago business leader Melvin Jones convened an organizational meeting in Chicago, from which the Lions Clubs grew.
Dean Martin, born Dino Paul Crocetti, was born in Steubenville, Ohio. He went on to be a singer, actor, comedian and TV host nicknamed "The King of Cool".
Fire in the Granite Mountain mine at Butte kills 168 miners
Disasters
A fire began when a foreman's carbide lamp ignited oil-soaked insulation on a cable being installed in the Granite Mountain mine. In all 168 miners died, most from suffocation, and some lived a day or two underground. Miners later struck over conditions.
Venezuelan pianist, composer, soprano and conductor Teresa Carreño died in her New York City apartment at 63, after falling ill during a trip to Havana in March 1917 and becoming paralysed.
Charlie Chaplin wrote and directed this American silent comedy short, in which his Tramp arrives in the United States as an immigrant, is accused of theft during the Atlantic crossing and falls for a young woman. Edna Purviance and Eric Campbell also star.
· Brooklyn, New York, United States · North America
Lena Horne is born
Lives
Lena Horne was born in the Bedford-Stuyvesant area of Brooklyn to Edwin and Edna Horne. She grew up to be a singer, actress, dancer and civil rights activist.
In July 1917 a New York firm, Smiley Steel Company, began pulling down Nikola Tesla's Wardenclyffe Tower on Long Island by dynamiting it. The tower was scrapped to help cover Tesla's debts.
Notes
English Wikipedia says demolition began on 4 July 1917; German Wikipedia says the firm bought the site on 4 June 1917 and began demolition on 15 July 1917, so the day differs by source and the row is stored at month level. The tower was not fully down until September 1917.
The Magnavox Company came into being in July 1917, once its predecessor completed a merger with Sonora Phonograph Distributor Company. Peter L. Jensen and Edwin Pridham had founded that predecessor in 1911.
Notes
Infobox says founded 1917 and lists Napa, California, which is where the 1911 predecessor began.
· East St. Louis, Illinois, United States · North America
White mobs attack Black residents of East St. Louis, Illinois
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
White mobs attacked African Americans in East St. Louis, Illinois, in a series of assaults from late May to early July 1917, with an especially violent outbreak on 1 to 3 July. About 6,000 Black residents were displaced.
Notes
Infobox gives May 28 and July 1-3, 1917; the July episode is dated here. Fatalities given as 39-150 Black Americans and 9 white Americans.
Canadian painter Tom Thomson drowned at Canoe Lake in Algonquin Park, Ontario, at age 39. He had produced about 400 oil sketches and around 50 larger canvases.
About 1,300 striking miners and others are deported from Bisbee, Arizona
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
A deputized posse of 2,000 to 2,200 men arrested striking mine workers, their supporters and bystanders in Bisbee, then shipped them by cattle car to Tres Hermanas, New Mexico. The mining company Phelps Dodge organized the action.
Notes
Posse size differs within the source: the lead gives 2,000 members, the infobox and the account of the morning of 12 July give 2,200 deputies.
Nora Bayes's recording of Cohan's Over There is released
Stage, music & filmMedium confidence
Over There, a war song by George M. Cohan, was written in April 1917, soon after the United States entered the First World War, and urged American men to enlist. Nora Bayes's recording was released on 13 July 1917, after the Peerless Quartet had recorded it on 6 June, and over 2 million copies of its sheet music had sold by the end of 1918.
Notes
The English infobox gives released July 13, 1917; the body says that date is Nora Bayes's recording, after the Peerless Quartet's recording of 6 June 1917 (Bayes premiered it in June 1917). French Wikipedia says only that her single came out in 1917.
Thousands march in silence down Fifth Avenue against racial violence
Politics & diplomacy
The newly formed NAACP led a coalition of African American groups in a silent march from 57th Street down Fifth Avenue to Madison Square. An estimated 8,000 to 15,000 people took part, accompanied by a muffled drum.
Henry Leland and his son Wilfred founded the Lincoln Motor Company in Detroit in August 1917, naming it after Abraham Lincoln. Ford bought the company in February 1922.
The American anarchist monthly Mother Earth, begun in 1906 and first edited by Emma Goldman, stopped appearing in August 1917. In its last year it urged men to refuse to register for the draft.
Lucy Maud Montgomery's novel follows Anne Shirley and Gilbert Blythe as they begin married life in Four Winds, Prince Edward Island. It was the fifth book in her series about Anne.
Notes
Infobox release_date: August, 1917. Canadian publisher McClelland, Goodchild and Stewart; US publisher Frederick A. Stokes Company.
Rural men in Seminole County, Oklahoma, rose in armed protest against conscription and the war. A posse met them, three people were killed and many were arrested.
National Patriotic Tournament held at Forest Hills
Sport
The tennis event now known as the US Open was officially renamed the National Patriotic Tournament in 1917. It was played on grass at the West Side Tennis Club in New York City and was the only Grand Slam tennis event that year because of the war.
Notes
Held as the 1917 U.S. National Championships; dates run 20 to 25 August.
156 soldiers of the all-black 24th Infantry Regiment marched into Houston after police arrested and assaulted black soldiers. Eleven civilians and five policemen were killed, and five soldiers also died. Nineteen soldiers were later executed.
· Camp Gordon, Georgia, United States · North America
The 82nd Division is activated at Camp Gordon
War & conflictMedium confidence
The 82nd Division was formally activated as an infantry division of the National Army at Camp Gordon, Georgia. Its men were later drawn from all 48 states, which gave rise to the nickname All American.
Notes
Infobox dates begin 5 August 1917, when it was constituted; it was organized and activated 25 August 1917. Candidate place (North Carolina) is the later garrison.
Jacob Kurtzberg, who became the comic book artist Jack Kirby, is born in New York City. With Joe Simon he created Captain America in 1940, and in the 1960s he co-created many of Marvel's major characters.
B. C. Forbes and his partner Walter Drey founded the American business magazine Forbes. Forbes wrote on finance for the Hearst papers, while Drey managed the Magazine of Wall Street.
Charlie Chaplin wrote and directed this American silent short comedy. It was the final film of his twelve-film contract with the Mutual Film Corporation.
Notes
Release day disputed, so stored at month level. The article's infobox and Wikidata (citing IMDb) give 22 October 1917; the Silent Era listing says it was released 23 October 1917. Silent Era also confirms it was the last of Chaplin's twelve Mutual contract films.
Cleopatra, starring Theda Bara, premieres in New York City
Stage, music & film
The silent film Cleopatra had its first showing at New York City's Lyric Theatre on October 14, 1917. Directed by J. Gordon Edwards, it starred Theda Bara as Cleopatra.
Notes
Date stored is the premiere at the Lyric Theatre, New York, 14 October 1917; the Silent Era listing also gives 14 October 1917 as the copyright date. Silent Era says the film is presumed lost, with a few feet of footage preserved at the George Eastman Museum.
· Cheraw, South Carolina, United States · North America
Dizzy Gillespie is born
Lives
Cheraw, South Carolina, was the birthplace of John Birks Gillespie, known as Dizzy. He became a jazz trumpeter, bandleader, composer, educator and singer, and was a major figure in the creation of bebop.
United States and Japan sign the Lansing-Ishii Agreement
Politics & diplomacy
In a diplomatic note signed in Washington, both countries agreed to respect China's independence and territorial integrity. The United States also recognised Japan's special interests, especially in Manchuria.
John F. Hylan defeats Mayor Mitchel in the New York City mayoral election
Politics & diplomacy
New Yorkers voted on 6 November 1917. Judge John F. Hylan, a Democrat, beat Mayor John P. Mitchel, who ran on the Fusion ticket. Socialist Morris Hillquit and Mitchel each took about a fifth of the vote.
On 9 November 1917 Industrial Workers of the World members were driven to the edge of Tulsa and tarred and feathered by men linked to the Knights of Liberty, W. Tate Brady among them. Local media praised it; national media mostly condemned it.
Notes
Infobox lists 12 IWW members as victims, lead says 11 men were arrested; no number used.
· Camp Greene, North Carolina, United States · North America
US Army orders the 3rd Division organized at Camp Greene
War & conflictMedium confidence
The War Department directed that a 3rd Division be organized at Camp Greene, North Carolina, in World War I. The unit is now the 3rd Infantry Division, based at Fort Stewart, Georgia.
Notes
Candidate place (Fort Stewart) is the current garrison; the 1917 organization was at Camp Greene. The 12 November 1917 order appears in the article's text and infobox without a citation, and no outside check was available (the Camp Greene article gives no day); organization itself began 21 November 1917.
John Watson Foster died in Washington, D.C. He was an American diplomat, lawyer and journalist who served as Secretary of State under Benjamin Harrison.
Representatives of four teams formed the National Hockey League at the Windsor Hotel in Montreal. It replaced the suspended National Hockey Association.
The Quebec Bridge, spanning the St. Lawrence between Quebec City and Levis, officially opened for rail traffic on 3 December 1917 after almost two decades of construction.
Notes
Dates disagree within the article: the body says it officially opened for rail traffic on 3 December 1917 (first train crossed on 17 October 1917), while the infobox gives open: 3 December 1919 and the lead says it opened in 1919. Wikidata gives 1917-12-03.
After colliding with the Imo, the French cargo ship Mont-Blanc, loaded with high explosives, caught fire and blew up, devastating Halifax's Richmond district. At least 1,782 people died and an estimated 9,000 were injured.
Notes
Explosion at 9:04:35 am AST. Collision at about 8:45 am.
US War Department orders formation of the 7th Division
War & conflict
The US War Department ordered the 7th Division formed on 6 December 1917, near the end of World War I. The unit later fought in the Pacific in World War II and in Korea.
Congress passed a joint resolution declaring war on the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and President Wilson signed it the same day. The Senate vote was 74-0, and Meyer London cast the only House vote against.
Notes
Wikipedia's infobox gives the House vote as 350-1 but its body text says 365-1, so the House tally is left out of the summary; both give the Senate vote as 74-0 and one House vote against.
Sir Mackenzie Bowell, born in England, died in Belleville, Ontario. He held the office of Canadian prime minister (the fifth person to do so) between 1894 and 1896.
Canada holds its federal election amid the conscription dispute
Politics & diplomacy
Prime Minister Robert Borden's Unionist government won a strong majority, with 153 of 235 seats. The vote was fought mainly over conscription, and some women were allowed to vote federally for the first time.
· Chicago, Illinois, United States · North America
Frances Xavier Cabrini dies
Lives
Frances Xavier Cabrini, an Italian-American religious sister, died in Chicago. In her lifetime she founded a religious institute of Missionary Sisters (Sacred Heart of Jesus) and set up 67 schools, orphanages and other institutions.
Notes
Lead and infobox give 22 December 1917, and Italian Wikipedia gives the same day.
A Toronto club was formed to play in the National Hockey League's first season, 1917-18. After later changes of name it became the Toronto Maple Leafs.
Notes
Year only. Wikidata also lists 22 November 1917, unsourced; the infobox gives founded 1917, and the body says Toronto's inclusion in the NHL's first season was formally announced on 26 November 1917, with temporary franchise rights given to the Arena Company. Name at founding differs: the lead says Toronto Arenas, the infobox history lists Toronto Hockey Club (1917-1918) then Toronto Arenas (1918-1919), and the body says the Toronto Arena Hockey Club was formed on 19 October 1918.
Conscription Crisis divides Canada over compulsory military service
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
Canada was split over whether to conscript men for the First World War; most French Canadians were against it, while English Canadians backed the war effort. The Unionist government began enforcing the Military Service Act on January 1, 1918.
Notes
Infobox gives 1917-18 and location Quebec; the lead describes a crisis across Canada. Borden said on his return from London in May 1917 that he would impose conscription.
John Browning designs the Browning automatic rifle
TechnologyMedium confidence
Browning designed the rifle in 1917 for the American Expeditionary Forces, to replace the French Chauchat and the M1909 Benét-Mercié machine guns.
Notes
The article dates the demonstration to 27 February 1917 before a crowd of 300; no outside source could be checked, so those details were left out of the text. Wikidata category disaster_nature changed to technology_invention.
The First National Exhibitors' Circuit was formed in 1917 when 26 major American cinema chains that showed new films merged. It later became First National Pictures.
Notes
Wikipedia calls these the first million-dollar deals in film history; no outside source confirms 'first', so that claim was dropped. Chaplin's June 1917 contract for $1 million with First National is confirmed in the Charlie Chaplin article.
Radium Girls poisoning begins at a factory in Orange, New Jersey
Everyday lifeMedium confidence
Women painting watch dials with radium paint at a factory in Orange, New Jersey, began swallowing radium around 1917, having been told the paint was harmless. Similar cases followed at two other US factories.
Notes
Source says the Orange incidents began 'around 1917'; the wider episode is dated 1917-1978.
G. Clifford Noble buys out Hinds and partners with William Barnes
Economy & tradeMedium confidence
Noble bought out Hinds and went into partnership with William Barnes, son of a friend. The store was renamed Barnes & Noble soon afterwards.
Notes
Wikidata lists two founding years, 1873 and 1917; the infobox gives 1886 (as Arthur Hinds & Company). The 1917 event is the buyout and renaming, which the body states.
Birdseye Lewis, an early aviator, and Chance Vought, formerly chief engineer at the Wright Company, set up the Lewis and Vought Corporation. It was the first of several related American aerospace firms called Vought.
Notes
Infobox lists founders Robert B. Knowles, Birdseye Lewis and Chance M. Vought; the lead credits Vought and Lewis.
The socialist magazine The Masses ends publication
Art & literature
The Masses, a monthly American magazine of socialist politics, stopped publishing in 1917, when federal prosecutors charged its editors with conspiring to obstruct conscription. Its successor was The Liberator.
· Stefansson Island, Nunavut, Canada · North America
Storker Storkerson sights Stefansson Island
ExplorationMedium confidence
Storker T. Storkerson, travelling with the explorer Vilhjalmur Stefansson, sighted an island in Canada's Arctic Archipelago in 1917. The island was later named after Stefansson.
Notes
The article calls the 1917 sighting the first European one and ranks the island 126th largest in the world; neither claim could be confirmed (German, French, Swedish, Dutch and Russian Wikipedia do not mention the sighting), so both were left out of the text.
Henry Ford & Son starts tractor production for the later Fordson brand
Economy & tradeMedium confidence
Henry Ford & Son began mass-producing general-purpose tractors in 1917, and the first regular-production machines went to the U.K. that year. The Fordson name was trademarked only in early 1918.
Notes
The tractors were not yet called Fordson in 1917; the name was trademarked in early 1918. Production years given as 1917 to 1964 for the brand.
The American Renaissance period in art and architecture ends
Art & literatureMedium confidence
The American Renaissance, an era in US building design and art that started in 1876, is dated to end in 1917, as the country entered the First World War.
Notes
Period end only given as a year; movement boundaries are approximate.
Arthur Chalk starts flying as the Red Arrow Flying Service
Economy & tradeMedium confidence
Arthur Burns "Pappy" Chalk began charter flights in a floatplane under the name Red Arrow Flying Service. The business later became Chalk's International Airlines, which ceased operations in 2007.
Notes
Scheduled flights are given as starting in February 1919. The 1917 start rests on the airline's own claim as repeated in the article; no outside source was checked.
An act of Parliament created The Canadian Press as a cooperative through which Canadian newspapers could share news nationwide. It drew a yearly government grant from 1917 to 1924.
Wisconsin Duplex Auto Company, later Oshkosh, is founded
Economy & trade
William Besserdich and Bernhard Mosling founded the Wisconsin Duplex Auto Company to make a heavy-duty truck driven on all four wheels. It later became Oshkosh Corporation.
Harry C. Bentley founds an accounting and finance school in Boston
Everyday life
Harry C. Bentley started a Boston school for accounting and finance, in the Back Bay area, called the Bentley School. It later became Bentley University in Waltham, Massachusetts.
Notes
First class held 26 February 1917 at 30 Huntington Avenue, per the history section.
Woodrow Wilson presents the Fourteen Points to Congress
Politics & diplomacy
In a speech to the United States Congress on 8 January 1918, President Woodrow Wilson set out principles for peace talks to end World War I. His main Allied colleagues doubted the plan could be applied.
Tarzan of the Apes, a silent American film directed by Scott Sidney, opened on Broadway in New York. It stars Elmo Lincoln, Enid Markey and Gordon Griffith, and adapts the first part of Edgar Rice Burroughs' 1912 novel.
Notes
Date from the infobox 'released' field: 27 January 1918, Broadway, New York.
Texas Rangers and ranchers kill 15 unarmed men and boys at Porvenir
War & conflict
Texas Rangers and local ranchers, supported by US cavalry, killed 15 unarmed Mexican American men and boys near Porvenir, Texas. The Rangers had come to the area after the Brite Ranch raid.
· South Pasadena, California, U.S. · North America
Lucretia Garfield dies
LivesMedium confidence
Lucretia Garfield, widow of President James A. Garfield, died in South Pasadena at her winter home, with pneumonia given as the cause. She was buried beside her husband in Lake View Cemetery.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1918-03-14 and German Wikipedia also gives 14 March; the English article's infobox, lead and death section all give 13 March 1918, which is used.
American historian Henry Adams died in Washington, D.C. He wrote a nine-volume history of the United States and the memoir The Education of Henry Adams.
· Manhattan, New York, United States · North America
Martin Sheridan dies
Lives
Martin Sheridan, an Irish-American discus thrower, died at St. Vincent's Hospital in Manhattan from the Spanish flu pandemic, the day before his 37th birthday.
A Dog's Life is an American silent comedy short that Chaplin wrote, produced and directed, the first of his releases for First National Pictures. Chaplin plays the Tramp, and Edna Purviance a dance hall singer. A dog named Scraps helps them toward a better life.
The German physicist Karl Ferdinand Braun died in New York City; he had been held as an enemy alien once the United States went to war with Germany in 1917. He and Guglielmo Marconi were joint winners of the Nobel Prize in Physics for 1909.
Point Pelee, a peninsula of marsh and woodland reaching into Lake Erie in southwestern Ontario, became a national park on 29 May 1918. Birdwatchers and hunters had pressed for the step.
· Indianapolis, Indiana, United States · North America
Charles W. Fairbanks dies
Lives
Charles Warren Fairbanks, who had served as Vice President of the United States under Theodore Roosevelt, died in Indianapolis, Indiana. He had earlier been a senator from Indiana.
The path of totality for the eclipse of 8 June 1918 crossed the contiguous United States from coast to coast, which no eclipse did again until August 2017. The artist Howard Russell Butler painted it.
Notes
The lead gives local dates 8-9 June 1918 over the whole path; the table in the body puts greatest eclipse at 22:07 UTC on 8 June.
The 1918 U.S. National Championships tennis tournament is held at Forest Hills
SportMedium confidence
The women's tournament ran from 17 to 22 June and the men's from 26 August to 3 September, held on grass at the West Side Tennis Club in New York City.
Notes
Two separate tournaments: women's 17-22 June, men's 26 August-3 September; the date range spans both.
Two Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway passenger trains collided head-on on a single-track stretch called Dutchman's Curve. At least 101 people died and 171 were injured. Investigators blamed serious errors by one train's crew and by interlocking tower operators.
Notes
Death-toll estimates overlap with those for the Malbone Street wreck in Brooklyn the same year.
Winsor McCay's The Sinking of the Lusitania is released
Stage, music & filmMedium confidence
Cartoonist Winsor McCay's twelve-minute silent animated film re-creating the 1915 sinking of the liner Lusitania came out in the United States as wartime propaganda.
Notes
Infobox gives release 20 July 1918, matching John Canemaker's date for the first showing and the Silent Era entry ('Released 20 July 1918'); the text says copyright was registered on 19 July 1918, which is not the date stored. Earl Theisen (1933) dates the premiere to 15 August 1918, a conflict noted in the infobox; the better-supported 20 July is stored.
· Orleans, Massachusetts, United States · North America
German submarine attacks barges off Orleans, Massachusetts
War & conflict
A German submarine fired on a small convoy of barges towed by a tugboat off Orleans, on Cape Cod. The tug was badly damaged and the barges and a schooner were sunk, but nobody died. Stray shells fell on land, startling people watching from the shore.
US War Department orders the 101st Division organized
War & conflictMedium confidence
The US War Department ordered the 101st Division organized on 23 July 1918. It served in the National Army until 11 December 1918 and was later made an airborne unit.
Notes
Wikidata gives only 1918; place not stated for the 1918 order (Kentucky is the current garrison). Date from the infobox and history section.
A three-day riot in early August 1918 targeted Greek immigrants after a drunk veteran, Claude Cludernay, was ejected from a Greek-owned café. Crowds of 5,000 to 20,000 led by veterans looted and wrecked every visibly Greek business downtown, and the mayor summoned the militia.
Notes
Sources differ between 2-4 August and 1-5 August; the narrower span of 2-4 August is stored.
Stage performer Anna Held, born in Warsaw, died in New York City. She had starred in Broadway musicals from 1896 through 1910 after Florenz Ziegfeld brought her to America.
Puck magazine ends publication with its final issue
Art & literature
After subscriptions fell away, William Randolph Hearst stopped publishing the American humor magazine Puck. Its last edition was distributed on 5 September 1918.
Notes
Wikidata gives only 1918. Infobox also gives lastdate 5 September 1918.
· Carlton County, Minnesota, United States · North America
Cloquet Fire sweeps northern Minnesota
DisastersMedium confidence
A huge forest fire, set off by railroad sparks in dry weather, ruined much of western Carlton County in October 1918, chiefly around Moose Lake, Cloquet and Kettle River. It killed 453 people, and 52,000 were injured or displaced.
Notes
Infobox gives 12 October 1918; a body sentence says two men spotted the fire near Cloquet on 10 October. Wikidata gives October 1918 only.
Charlie Chaplin's silent comedy about the First World War, with the action placed in France, was released on 20 October 1918. Edna Purviance and Sydney Chaplin co-starred.
Notes
Date from the infobox released field; a review dated 21 October 1918 is quoted in the article.
Moina Michael wears a silk poppy, helping start the remembrance poppy
Everyday lifeMedium confidence
At a conference of YMCA overseas war secretaries in November 1918, Moina Michael wore a silk poppy and handed out more. The poem 'In Flanders Fields' inspired the symbol, and Anna Guérin later set up the first 'Poppy Days'.
Notes
Wikidata gives November 1918; the body gives the conference in November 1918 without a day. The first use is described only as near the end of the war.
· Brooklyn, New York, United States · North America
Malbone Street wreck in Brooklyn
Disasters
A speeding train derailed in a sharply curved tunnel in Flatbush on the BMT Brighton Line at 6:42 pm during the Friday evening rush hour. Reports put the dead at between 93 and 102. Most of Malbone Street was renamed Empire Boulevard in December 1918.
Notes
The reported death toll ranges from 93 to 102 (the lead says at least 93, and a report more than three years later concluded 91). German Wikipedia also says at least 93, rising to 102 with later deaths, and cites one reference giving 85.
Andrew Dickson White, a historian and educator, co-founded Cornell University and was its first president for almost twenty years. He was also a New York state senator and later U.S. ambassador to Germany and Russia. A slight stroke struck him on 26 October 1918.
· Salt Lake City, Utah, United States · North America
Joseph F. Smith dies
Lives
Joseph F. Smith, an American religious leader, became the sixth president of the LDS Church on 17 October 1901 and held the office until his death. His uncle was Joseph Smith, who founded the Latter Day Saint movement, and Heber J. Grant succeeded him as church president.
Frank King's strip first appeared on 24 November 1918, following patriarch Walt Wallet, his family and neighbours. King let his characters age over generations, bringing real-time continuity to comic strips.
Notes
Place not given in the excerpt. Infobox first-appearance date is November 24, 1918.
National Hockey Association holds its final meeting
SportMedium confidence
The National Hockey Association, founded by Ambrose O'Brien in 1909, was the direct forerunner of the National Hockey League. In 1917 its owners halted its operations to remove one unwelcome owner, Eddie Livingstone, and the others started the NHL as a temporary workaround.
Notes
The English text says the owners' last meeting was called by Livingstone and Quinn for 11 December 1918, after an earlier vote on 20 September 1918 had suspended operations for good. French Wikipedia gives 11 December 1917 for the stoppage.
Puccini's Gianni Schicchi premieres at the Metropolitan Opera
Stage, music & film
Roberto Moranzoni conducted the New York premiere on 14 December 1918, with Giuseppe De Luca in the title role. The comic one-act opera was an immediate hit, unlike the other two of Puccini's triptych.
Notes
Infobox gives 14 December 1918 at the Metropolitan Opera.
Puccini's Il tabarro is first performed in New York
Stage, music & film
Il tabarro, The Cloak, is a one-act opera by Giacomo Puccini with a libretto by Giuseppe Adami, adapted from Didier Gold's play La houppelande. Roberto Moranzoni conducted at the Metropolitan Opera, with Claudia Muzio as Giorgetta.
· Metropolitan Opera, New York, United States · North America
Puccini's Il trittico has its world premiere in New York
Stage, music & film
The Metropolitan Opera staged the world premiere of Giacomo Puccini's Il trittico, three short operas given together, each in a single act. They are Gianni Schicchi, Il tabarro and Suor Angelica. The Rome premiere followed on 11 January 1919.
Notes
Wikidata also lists 1 January 1918 as an inception date, which differs from the 14 December 1918 premiere in the source.
John Browning designed the .50-caliber M2 machine gun near the end of World War I, enlarging his earlier .30-caliber design to fire a more powerful cartridge. The first .50-caliber gun underwent trials on 15 October 1918.
Notes
Year from infobox design date; Browning began the redesign around July 1917. Trials of the first .50-caliber gun on 15 October 1918 per the article. Wikidata category (disaster_nature) corrected.
Irving Berlin wrote the patriotic song in 1918, during World War I, as a solemn prayer for the blessing and guidance of the United States. He revised it in 1938.
Notes
Wikidata labels this a publication in 1918; the song was published and released in 1939, so the 1918 date is the year of writing. Revised 1938.
American Engineering Standards Committee is founded
Everyday lifeMedium confidence
Several engineering societies and government agencies created the committee in 1918. It was the origin of ANSI, which oversees voluntary consensus standards in the United States.
Notes
Wikidata and the infobox give 19 October 1918, but the text says only that it was most likely formed in 1918 (as does French Wikipedia), so the year is used.
Willa Cather's novel follows an orphaned boy from Virginia and a Bohemian immigrant girl growing up as pioneers in Nebraska. It was enthusiastically received when it came out.
A United States Army training camp, called Camp Knox, was built in Kentucky in 1918. It later became Fort Knox, the army post that sits next to the gold bullion depository.
Notes
Construction work is described as beginning in July 1918. Name changed from Camp Knox to Fort Knox in 1932 per infobox. Source family: wikimedia.
Indiana accepts the Ball brothers' gift of a school in Muncie
Science
The state of Indiana took over a school and land given by the Ball brothers, and 235 students enrolled in the Indiana State Normal School - Eastern Division, later Ball State University.
Notes
Year only; the assembly accepted the gift in spring 1918 and students enrolled on 17 June 1918.
One email when the Everywhere Then app is ready, and nothing else. Your address is optional, used only for that, and you can ask for it to be deleted at any time. Privacy