In the small hours of 15 April 1912 the Titanic, on her maiden voyage from Southampton to New York, went down after hitting an iceberg, and about 1,500 people died out of more than 2,200 on board. It was a year of endings elsewhere too. In February a six-year-old emperor's abdication closed 267 years of Qing rule in China. In March the Sultan of Morocco signed, under pressure, the treaty that made his country a French protectorate, and Robert Falcon Scott died on the Ross Ice Shelf on the way back from the South Pole. In July Japan lost Emperor Meiji. In October the four states of the Balkan League opened a war against the Ottoman Empire, and in November Woodrow Wilson won the United States presidential election, months after New Mexico and Arizona became the 47th and 48th states.
This page lists all 490 events in our records for 1912: 309 dated to the day, 111 from outside Europe and North America. The biggest come first, then every event month by month, grouped by region.
How sure we are: events with no label are high confidence. Medium confidence means the event rests on one source family or a detail is uncertain; Low confidence means the sources disagree or are thin, and the notes say where. Dates are in the Gregorian calendar; where a country still used another calendar, the notes give the original. How events are checked
The biggest stories of 1912
Ranked by how widely known each event is today, one card per happening, at least a third from outside Europe and North America.
DisastersWidely known
RMS Titanic sinks in the North Atlantic after striking an iceberg
· North Atlantic Ocean · At sea
Titanic, bound from Southampton to New York City on her maiden voyage, struck an iceberg at 23:40 on 14 April 1912 and went under at 02:20 on 15 April, ship's time. Around 1,500 of the more than 2,200 people aboard died, though estimates vary.
Why it is interesting. Titanic carried only twenty lifeboats, never meant to hold everyone aboard at once, and the ice warnings she had received drew too little attention.
Notes and dating details
The row dates the sinking to 15 April 1912, when the ship disappeared at 02:20 ship's time (the body text and the infobox duration agree); the collision was at 23:40 on 14 April. The infobox date range 14-15 April covers collision to sinking. Wikidata gives only 1912-04 (month precision), with 14 and 15 April as start and end. Times are ship's time; the infobox gives GMT as 02:38 to 05:18. The lead gives 710 survivors, while the body's modern figures are 712 survivors and 1,496 deaths, so no survivor count is stored. The same sinking was also drafted from the ship's own article (Q25173-dissolution), which is dropped as a duplicate. Merged duplicate row 1912-04-15-the-titanic-sinks-after-hitting-an-iceberg (The Titanic sinks after hitting an iceberg). Its notes: Candidate is the wreck; the date is the sinking, 15 April 1912.
The Qing emperor's abdication edict ends the Xinhai Revolution
· China · Asia
The six-year-old Xuantong Emperor's abdication edict was issued on 12 February 1912, closing the revolution that began with the Wuchang Uprising in October 1911. It ended the 267-year Qing reign, and Yuan Shikai took the presidential oath a month later.
Why it is interesting. The abdication edict of a six-year-old emperor closed more than two thousand years of imperial rule in China.
Notes and dating details
Infobox gives the revolution as 10 October 1911 to 12 February 1912. Wikidata gives the same end date. Merged duplicate row 1912-02-12-empress-dowager-longyu-issues-the-qing-abdication-edict (Empress Dowager Longyu issues the Qing abdication edict). Its notes: Place stored as China because the excerpt does not say where the edict was issued; Wikidata's place is the National Museum of China, where the document is held.
Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece and Montenegro, together the Balkan League, went to war with the Ottoman Empire in October 1912, with Montenegro declaring first on 8 October. The League's armies won rapid success, and the Ottomans lost 83% of their European land.
Why it is interesting. The Ottoman Empire lost 83% of its European land and 69% of the people living there.
Notes and dating details
The infobox gives 8 October 1912 as the start. The body says Montenegro declared war first on 8 October (25 September Old Style), and Bulgaria, Serbia and Greece followed on 17 October after an ultimatum on 13 October, so the stored day is Montenegro's declaration in the Gregorian calendar. French Wikipedia and the Balkan Wars article also give 8 October 1912.
Woodrow Wilson wins the 1912 United States presidential election
· United States · North America
On 5 November 1912 Democrat Woodrow Wilson beat President William Howard Taft, Theodore Roosevelt's Progressive ticket and the Socialist Eugene V. Debs. The Republican split let him carry 40 states with 41.8% of the popular vote.
Why it is interesting. Roosevelt's third-party bid split the Republicans, so Wilson took 40 states while winning only 41.8% of the popular vote.
Notes and dating details
Merged duplicate row 1912-11-05-woodrow-wilson-wins-the-1912-us-presidential-election (Woodrow Wilson wins the 1912 US presidential election). Its notes: Election day 5 November per the infobox.
The Italo-Turkish War ends with the Treaty of Ouchy
· Ouchy, Lausanne, Switzerland · Europe
The war between Italy and the Ottoman Empire, begun in late September 1911, ended on 18 October 1912 with the Treaty of Ouchy, which gave Italy possession of Libya. Italy agreed to return the Dodecanese, but vague wording let it keep a provisional administration there.
Why it is interesting. Airplanes saw combat in this war, and Giulio Gavotti dropped the first aerial bomb on 1 November 1911.
Notes and dating details
The date is the end of the war, 18 October 1912, given in the lead and infobox; the article's treaty section says Italy and the Ottoman Empire signed that day at Ouchy, Lausanne, Switzerland, where the Gregorian calendar was in use, and French Wikipedia agrees. Wikidata labels the row Treaty of Lausanne; the article calls the 1912 treaty the Treaty of Ouchy or First Treaty of Lausanne, separate from the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne.
Sultan Abd al-Hafid signs the Treaty of Fes, making Morocco a French protectorate
· Fes, Morocco · Africa
On 30 March 1912 Sultan Abd al-Hafid signed, under duress, the treaty that created the French protectorate in Morocco. A French Resident-General held absolute power at home and abroad, while the Sultan kept only the right to sign decrees submitted to him.
Why it is interesting. The Sultan kept only the right to sign decrees that the French Resident-General put before him.
Notes and dating details
Merged duplicate row 1912-03-30-treaty-of-fez-creates-the-french-protectorate-in-morocco (Treaty of Fez creates the French protectorate in Morocco). Merged duplicate row 1912-03-30-sultan-abdelhafid-signs-the-treaty-of-fes-making-morocco-a-p (Sultan Abdelhafid signs the Treaty of Fes, making Morocco a protectorate). Its notes: Wikidata gives 1912-03-30 for the end of the Sharifian state; the source article is Alawi Sultanate.
Medium confidence: rests on one source family, or a detail is uncertain.
The British naval officer who led the Discovery and Terra Nova expeditions died with his companions, some distance short of their base camp and the next depot. Scott's party of five had arrived at the South Pole in January 1912, under five weeks after Amundsen.
Why it is interesting. Fossils of Glossopteris trees found with Scott's party proved that Antarctica had once been forested and linked to other continents.
Notes and dating details
Date taken from the infobox (death_date: 29 March 1912), but the infobox and lead mark it as circa and the body puts his presumed death on 29 March, or possibly the day after; his last diary entry is dated 29 March. Wikidata gives the same date.
· Outside the Gilpatrick Hotel, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States · North America
John Schrank shot the former president outside the Gilpatrick Hotel during Roosevelt's run for the presidency. The bullet hit a steel glasses case and a thick speech manuscript before lodging in his chest, and Roosevelt still gave his speech.
Why it is interesting. Roosevelt opened his speech by telling the crowd he had just been shot, and carried the bullet in his chest for life.
Notes and dating details
Wikidata gives the same date; infobox, lead and body agree.
The International Opium Convention is signed at The Hague
· The Hague, Netherlands · Europe
The convention was signed on 23 January 1912 at the close of the Hague conference organised by the Netherlands. Its aim was to regulate the opium trade and curb illicit opium use, and many regard it as the earliest international treaty on drug control.
Why it is interesting. It is often regarded as the first treaty on drug control between nations.
Notes and dating details
Infobox gives entry into effect on 28 June 1919, while a quoted author in the body says it did not take effect until January 1920.
Henri Poincaré, a French mathematician, theoretical physicist and engineer who also wrote on the philosophy of science, died in Paris on 17 July 1912. He is described as the last universalist, having excelled in all fields of mathematics of his time.
Why it is interesting. His work on the three-body problem uncovered the first chaotic deterministic system, a foundation of chaos theory.
Medium confidence: rests on one source family, or a detail is uncertain.
Emperor Meiji, personal name Mutsuhito, died at Meiji Palace in Tokyo at 59. He had reigned since 1867, and his successor was Taishō.
Why it is interesting. The emperor who ruled while Japan went from a feudal state to a major imperial power died at 59.
Notes and dating details
Wikidata gives 30 July 1912 and also lists 29 July; the infobox, lead and body (death at 10:40 pm) all give 29 July 1912, which is used, though the succession box at the foot of the article gives 30 July. Merged duplicate row 1912-emperor-meiji-dies-ending-the-meiji-period (Emperor Meiji dies, ending the Meiji period). Its notes: Wikidata lists 30 July 1912 for the end of the Meiji government, unsourced. The article states only the year 1912, so the year is stored.
Modern pentathlon is contested at the Olympics for the first time
· Stockholm, Sweden · Europe
Pierre de Coubertin's invention, the modern pentathlon, made its Olympic debut in Stockholm. George S. Patton, later a general in the Second World War, represented the United States and finished fifth.
Why it is interesting. Patton said his accurate shots had gone through the same large holes, but the judges counted him as having missed.
The Albanian revolt of 1912 against Ottoman rule begins
War & conflictMedium confidence
An Albanian revolt against the Committee of Union and Progress government of the Ottoman Empire lasted from January to August 1912. It was the last revolt against Ottoman rule in Albania, and its fighters were generally Muslim Albanians.
Notes
Infobox and lead say the revolt lasted January to August 1912, while the lead also says it ended when demands were accepted on 4 September 1912; no end date is stored. Ottoman Empire, so calendar not stated in source. The candidate region Middle East is replaced by Europe because the revolt took place in Ottoman Albania.
Albanian nationalist deputies of the Ottoman parliament held a secret meeting in January 1912, named for Taksim Square, where the house stood. Hasan Prishtina and Ismail Qemali organised it to launch an armed uprising against the Committee of Union and Progress government.
Notes
Calendar not stated in source (Ottoman Empire); only the month is used.
St Joseph's F.C. was founded in January 1912 and is the oldest football club in Gibraltar still in existence. The next oldest, Manchester 62, was formed fifty years later.
Notes
The day is disputed: the English infobox and Spanish Wikipedia give 20 January 1912, while Italian Wikipedia twice gives 16 January 1912 (citing a list of foundation dates). Wikidata gives only 1912. Neither day is clearly better supported, so the month is stored.
England, France, Ireland, Scotland and Wales played ten matches from New Year's Day to 8 April. It was the third Five Nations since France joined the old Home Nations contest, and the thirtieth series counting the earlier tournaments.
A royal charter incorporates the Boy Scouts Association
Everyday life
On 4 January 1912 a royal charter incorporated the Boy Scouts Association throughout the British Empire, to instruct boys of all classes in discipline, loyalty and good citizenship. Robert Baden-Powell had formed an advisory council in 1910, after Scouting grew rapidly from 1907.
· Mark Cross, Rotherfield, Sussex, England · Europe
Sophia Jex-Blake dies in Sussex
Lives
Sophia Jex-Blake, an English physician, teacher and feminist, died at Windydene in Rotherfield, Sussex, on 7 January 1912. She had taken up medical studies at Edinburgh in 1869 and became the first woman to practise as a doctor in Scotland.
The Social Democrats become the largest party in the 1912 German election
Politics & diplomacy
Germans voted for the Reichstag on 12 January 1912, and the Social Democrats won 110 of the 397 seats to become the largest party. They had topped the vote in every election since 1890 without ever winning the most seats.
Heym, a German writer best known for poetry typical of early Expressionism, died at Gatow on 16 January 1912, the day he and his friend Ernst Balcke went skating on the frozen Havel. His first book, Der ewige Tag, was the only one published in his lifetime.
Russian Social Democrats hold a party conference in Prague
Politics & diplomacy
The party's sixth all-Russian conference met in Prague, with sixteen Bolsheviks and two Mensheviks attending. Lenin and his supporters split away and formed a mainly Bolshevik party of their own, while the tsarist secret police, the Okhrana, knew every detail.
Notes
The article gives 5-17 January 1912 without naming the calendar. Russian Wikipedia gives 5-17 January with 18-30 January in brackets, the usual Old Style (New Style) form, so the Gregorian dates are 18-30 January 1912, as Wikidata also gives.
The All-Russian Football Union was created on 19 January 1912 and admitted to FIFA the same year. Its successor, the Russian Football Union, now governs football in Russia from Moscow.
Notes
Russian Wikipedia dates the founding assembly 6 (19) January 1912, giving both calendars, so 19 January is the Gregorian date.
The International Opium Convention is signed at The Hague
Politics & diplomacy
The convention was signed on 23 January 1912 at the close of the Hague conference organised by the Netherlands. Its aim was to regulate the opium trade and curb illicit opium use, and many regard it as the earliest international treaty on drug control.
Notes
Infobox gives entry into effect on 28 June 1919, while a quoted author in the body says it did not take effect until January 1920.
· Davos, Switzerland and Manchester, United Kingdom · Europe
The 1912 World Figure Skating Championships are held in Davos and Manchester
SportMedium confidence
The ladies' event was held in Davos on 27 and 28 January, and the men's and pairs' events in Manchester in February. Fritz Kachler won the men's title and Zsófia Méray-Horváth the ladies'; Phyllis and James Johnson won the pairs.
Notes
English Wikipedia dates the ladies' event in Davos 27 to 28 January and French Wikipedia 26 to 27 January, so the first day is uncertain. The events ran over several weeks, from late January to 27 February 1912; the end date is in date_end.
Winsor McCay's How a Mosquito Operates is released
Stage, music & filmMedium confidence
Winsor McCay made this silent short about a giant mosquito tormenting a sleeping man, drawn from an episode of his strip Dream of the Rarebit Fiend, and showed it in his vaudeville act. It is regarded as technically far ahead of its time.
Notes
The infobox gives 8 January 1912; the body says it debuted in January 1912 in McCay's vaudeville act and French Wikipedia also gives only January 1912, so the month is stored.
New Mexico becomes the 47th state of the United States
Politics & diplomacy
On 6 January 1912 New Mexico was admitted to the Union as its 47th state. The United States had annexed the region after the Mexican-American War in 1848.
Notes
Wikidata also gives 1850-09-09, the creation of New Mexico Territory, a different event. The lead counts 64 years as a territory (from 1848) while the infobox dates New Mexico Territory to 1850-1912, so the length of territorial status is not stated.
José Ferrer, a native of San Juan, Puerto Rico, became an actor and director on stage, screen and television. His 1947 Cyrano de Bergerac took the inaugural Tony for best actor in a play, and repeating the part on film in 1950 won him the Oscar for Best Actor.
· Manhattan, New York, United States · North America
Fire destroys the Equitable Life Building in Manhattan
Disasters
A massive fire destroyed the Equitable Life Building at 120 Broadway, headquarters of the Equitable Life Assurance Society, on 9 January 1912, killing six people. A 40-story Equitable Building rose on the site and was finished in 1915.
Notes
The infobox and the body's section on the building's destruction both give 9 January 1912.
· Lawrence, Massachusetts, United States · North America
The Lawrence textile strike, the Bread and Roses Strike, begins
Politics & diplomacy
Immigrant workers in Lawrence, Massachusetts, organised by the IWW, struck after mill pay was cut along with a shorter workweek for women. The strike grew past twenty thousand workers, and the owners eventually settled with raises of up to 20 percent across New England.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1912 (year precision). Infobox gives 11 January to 14 March 1912; the lead says the strike began ten days after 1 January.
Lucius Henderson directed this horror film, adapted from Robert Louis Stevenson's novella and Thomas Russell Sullivan's 1887 stage version. James Cruze is credited in the dual role of Jekyll and Hyde, and his wife, Marguerite Snow, also appeared.
Notes
The release date of 16 January 1912 comes from the infobox. The cast list says Harry Benham played Mr. Hyde in some scenes (uncredited), and some sources name him as Hyde, so the dual role is a credit, not a certainty.
Pollock came into the world in Cody, Wyoming, on 28 January 1912 and became a major figure in abstract expressionism. His drip technique, flinging household paint onto canvases laid flat, divided critics.
The Danish journalist and author Herman Bang, counted among the men of the Modern Breakthrough, died in Ogden, Utah, on 29 January 1912. He was born in Asserballe, in Schleswig, and is buried in Vestre Cemetery in Copenhagen.
Eloy Alfaro, nicknamed The Old Warrior, led Ecuador's Liberal Party and was president from 1895 to 1901 and again from 1906 to 1911. He died in Quito on 28 January 1912, months after his former supporters forced him out of office.
The Liberal Revolution, which began on 5 June 1895 under Eloy Alfaro, is dated as ending on 28 January 1912. Its governments legalised divorce, allowed religious freedom and cut the Church's authority and landholdings.
Notes
The end date comes from the infobox, which gives 5 June 1895 – 28 January 1912; the text does not describe an event on that date.
The Republic of China creates the office of provisional president
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
After the 1911 Wuchang Uprising the revolutionaries elected Sun Yat-sen provisional president, and the republic was officially established on 1 January 1912. Sun soon resigned in favour of Yuan Shikai, who took the title Great President in March.
Notes
Infobox lists three formation dates: 1 January 1912 for the provisional office on the mainland, 25 October 1945 for the Taiwan handover and 20 May 1948 for the current form. Wikidata also holds 1948-05-20.
Republic of China's Ministry of Foreign Affairs is formed
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
The cabinet-level body for the Republic of China's diplomacy dates to 1 January 1912 and grew out of an earlier body, the Zongli Yamen. It is now headquartered in Taipei.
Notes
Day taken from the English infobox formation field. China adopted the Gregorian calendar from 1 January 1912. Wikidata gives 1912-01 and flags it as Julian.
Italian warships attack an Ottoman flotilla at Kunfuda Bay
War & conflictMedium confidence
An Italian cruiser and two destroyers found Ottoman gunboats, a tug and a yacht at Kunfuda in the Red Sea. After a fight of over three hours five Ottoman ships had sunk, and the Italians returned the next morning to destroy the other three.
Notes
Infobox gives 7 and 8 January 1912; the second day was the Italian return to finish off the remaining vessels. Ottoman Empire place; calendar not stated. Wikidata gives 7-8 January 1912.
South African Native National Congress is founded in Bloemfontein
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
The South African Native National Congress began in Bloemfontein to press for the rights of black South Africans, and took the name African National Congress in 1923. John Langalibalele Dube, Pixley ka Isaka Seme and Sol Plaatje are named as founders.
Notes
Wikidata gives 21 January 1912 (flagged as a Julian date); the infobox, lead and history section all give 8 January 1912, which is used.
The 1911 Davis Cup final in Christchurch ends in a 5-0 win for Australasia
Sport
Rain delayed the final, so matches ran from 1 to 3 January 1912 in Christchurch. Australasia beat the United States and kept the Cup, Norman Brookes winning after trailing Maurice McLoughlin by two sets to one.
Notes
Play ran from 1 to 3 January 1912; the end date is stored. Wikidata gives 1912-01-03. The English article names Lancaster Park as the venue but French Wikipedia names Hagley Park, so the venue is left out.
Brisbane tramway workers' union badge dispute becomes a general strike
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
Tramway workers were dismissed on 18 January 1912 for wearing union badges, and Brisbane unionists went on general strike on 30 January. The strike committee's application for a march permit for 2 February was refused by the police commissioner, and the police violence that day gave it the name Black Friday. The strike ended on 6 March.
Notes
Infobox gives 18 January to 6 March 1912; the body says the general strike itself began on 30 January 1912.
Coal miners struck nationally for the first time, seeking a minimum wage through the Miners Federation of Great Britain. The strike began at Alfreton, Derbyshire, at the end of February; after 37 days the government ended it with the Coal Mines Act.
Anthony Fokker founds his aircraft company in Germany
Economy & tradeMedium confidence
The Dutch aviator Anthony Fokker started his aircraft business in Germany in 1912, first in Berlin and then at Görries, near Schwerin. The company built aircraft until its bankruptcy in 1996.
Notes
The infobox and French Wikipedia give 22 February 1912, with French Wikipedia placing the foundation at Johannisthal in Berlin; the English history section gives 12 February 1912 for the company at Görries near Schwerin. The month is stored.
Voting took place on 2 February 1912 in only the southern part of the Faroe Islands. The Union Party stayed the largest group in the Løgting, holding 13 of 20 seats.
Eva Braun was born in Munich. She became a photographer and the longtime companion of Adolf Hitler, whom she met in 1929 while working for his photographer, Heinrich Hoffmann. She married him on 29 April 1945 in his Berlin bunker.
· Simeiz, Taurida Governorate, Russian Empire · Europe
Dmitry Milyutin dies at Simeiz
Lives
Dmitry Milyutin, a military historian and Russia's minister of war from 1861 to 1881, died at Simeiz on 7 February 1912 (25 January Old Style). His wide-ranging reforms remade the army during the 1860s and 1870s, and in 1898 he became its last general field marshal.
Notes
The English lead's calendar template gives his death as 7 February 1912 (Gregorian) with the Julian date alongside; the infobox's 25 January 1912 is the Old Style date, which French and Russian Wikipedia also give. Wikidata gives 1912-02-07.
The English surgeon who brought carbolic acid into Glasgow Royal Infirmary to sterilise instruments, hands and wards died aged 84 at his country house in Walmer. A large funeral service followed at Westminster Abbey on 16 February 1912.
Notes
Wikidata gives the same date; infobox, lead and body agree.
Gerhard Armauer Hansen, a Norwegian physician, died at Florø. In 1873 he had identified the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae as the cause of leprosy, and his work was honoured at the International Leprosy Congress in Bergen in 1909.
The first stretch of what became a circle line, from Rathaus to Barmbek, was inaugurated in Hamburg on 15 February 1912. Despite the name U-Bahn, most of the track is above ground.
Oscar Mathisen wins the 1912 World Allround Speed Skating Championships
Sport
The championships took place at the Gamle Frogner rink in Kristiania on 17 and 18 February 1912. Oscar Mathisen won all four distances for his third world title, with the defending champion Nikolay Strunnikov absent.
Notes
Wikidata gives only 1912-02-17 as both start and end.
Osborne Reynolds, an Irish-born British innovator in fluid dynamics, died of influenza at Watchet, Somerset, after retiring in 1905. His work on heat transfer between solids and fluids improved boiler and condenser design, and he is remembered in the Reynolds number.
Notes
Lead gives birth as 23 August 1842, infobox 23 October 1842; death date is the same in both.
William IV, who had succeeded his father Adolphe in 1905, died at Berg Castle. He took no part in politics despite the considerable powers the Constitution gave him, and his eldest daughter Marie-Adélaïde succeeded him.
A Princess of Mars begins as a magazine serial in All-Story Magazine
Art & literature
The first part of Edgar Rice Burroughs's novel appeared in the February 1912 issue as Under the Moons of Mars. Its Mars is a dying desert planet, an idea drawn from the astronomer Percival Lowell.
Notes
Serialised February to July 1912; hardcover 1917 per infobox.
Edgar Rice Burroughs's first Barsoom story begins in The All-Story
Art & literatureMedium confidence
The American pulp author Edgar Rice Burroughs created Barsoom, his version of Mars, and its first tale ran in instalments in the pulp magazine The All-Story between February and July 1912. Its hero, John Carter, is a Confederate veteran mysteriously carried from Earth to Mars.
Notes
The body text titles the serial Under the Moons of Mars and dates it (1911) in one sentence, while its table gives February-July 1912; the lead and table are used. Burroughs began writing the books in the second half of 1911. Region set from the infobox country (USA).
Arizona becomes the 48th state of the United States
Politics & diplomacy
Arizona achieved statehood on 14 February 1912 as the 48th state. Mexico had ceded much of the region to the United States in 1848, and the southernmost part followed in 1853 through the Gadsden Purchase.
Notes
Merged duplicate row 1912-02-14-arizona-is-admitted-to-the-union-and-gains-a-governor (Arizona is admitted to the Union and gains a governor).
Vitagraph releases the comedy A Cure for Pokeritis
Stage, music & film
John Bunny and Flora Finch starred in this domestic comedy, in which a wife ends her husband's gambling by getting her cousin to fake a police raid on his weekly poker game. Audiences liked it, including abroad.
The Qing emperor's abdication edict ends the Xinhai Revolution
Politics & diplomacy
The six-year-old Xuantong Emperor's abdication edict was issued on 12 February 1912, closing the revolution that began with the Wuchang Uprising in October 1911. It ended the 267-year Qing reign, and Yuan Shikai took the presidential oath a month later.
Notes
Infobox gives the revolution as 10 October 1911 to 12 February 1912. Wikidata gives the same end date. Merged duplicate row 1912-02-12-empress-dowager-longyu-issues-the-qing-abdication-edict (Empress Dowager Longyu issues the Qing abdication edict). Its notes: Place stored as China because the excerpt does not say where the edict was issued; Wikidata's place is the National Museum of China, where the document is held.
China's assembly elects Yuan Shikai provisional president
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
Elections for provisional president and vice-president were held in Nanjing on 15 and 20 February 1912. Yuan Shikai became president and Li Yuan-hung vice-president, after Sun Yat-sen resigned and urged the Assembly to choose Yuan.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1912-03-10, the date Yuan was sworn in; the vote dates are 15 and 20 February.
Ivan Kasatkin, known as Nicholas, served as a priest, monk and bishop of the Russian Orthodox Church and brought Orthodox Christianity to Japan. He died in Tokyo on 16 February 1912; the city's Resurrection Cathedral is informally named after him.
Notes
He died in Tokyo, and Japan had used the Gregorian calendar since 1873. Russian and French Wikipedia give 3 February 1912 as the Old Style date, which is 16 February Gregorian; Wikidata stores a Julian-flagged date.
Two Italian cruisers sank a corvette and six lighters off Beirut, withdrew, then returned to sink a torpedo boat during the Italo-Turkish War. Italy had feared the Ottoman ships could threaten the route to the Suez Canal.
Notes
Ottoman Empire used the Rumi calendar; the article's date is taken as given.
Edward Wilmot Blyden, an educator, writer, diplomat and politician active mainly in West Africa, died in Freetown on 7 February 1912. Born in the Danish West Indies, he moved to Liberia in 1850, and his writings on pan-Africanism became influential.
Douglas Mawson's expedition discovers Queen Mary Land
Exploration
In February 1912 the Australasian Antarctic Expedition under Douglas Mawson discovered Queen Mary Land, the Antarctic coast between Cape Filchner and Cape Hordern. Mawson named it for Mary of Teck, the queen consort of George V.
Botev Plovdiv is founded as a football association
SportMedium confidence
Students of Saint Augustine's French College and the First Boys High School in Plovdiv founded the club in March 1912, naming it Hristo Botyov - Football Association after the poet and revolutionary Hristo Botev.
Notes
Source gives 11 March 1912 for the founding assembly and 12 March for registration (Wikidata gives 1912-03-12). The source calls 11 March a Sunday, which fits the Julian calendar (Bulgaria used it until April 1916) rather than the Gregorian one, so the Gregorian day is uncertain; only the month is stored.
The Mayor of Birkenhead, Councillor George Proudman, opened Prenton Park on 9 March 1912, and Tranmere Rovers beat Lancaster Town there in the first game two days later. The club has played there ever since.
Pyotr Lebedev, a Russian physicist known for demonstrating radiation pressure, died in Moscow on 14 March 1912 (1 March in the Old Style calendar). He created the first scientific school in Russia and had left Moscow State University in 1911 in protest at the Ministry of Education's politics.
Notes
English and French Wikipedia give 1 March 1912 without naming the calendar. Russian Wikipedia gives 14 March 1912 in its infobox with 1 March in brackets and in its Old Style template, so 1 March is Old Style and the Gregorian date 14 March 1912 is stored. Wikidata stores 1 March.
Wernher von Braun, born in Wirsitz in the Prussian province of Posen on 23 March 1912, became a German-American rocket engineer. He worked on the V-2 in Nazi Germany's wartime rocket program, later headed US Army missile development, and was chief architect of NASA's Saturn V.
James Callaghan was born into a working-class Portsmouth family. He left school early, worked as a tax inspector and then a trade union official, and later sat as an MP from 1945 to 1987. He was Prime Minister from 1976 to 1979.
Notes
Wikidata place Copnor; the source gives Portsmouth.
· Radebeul, Kingdom of Saxony, German Empire · Europe
Karl May dies in Radebeul
Lives
The German author of adventure tales set mostly in the American West and the Orient died at his home, Villa Shatterhand, in Radebeul. He is among the best-selling German writers, with about 200 million copies sold worldwide.
Notes
Wikidata gives the same date; infobox, lead and body agree. The villa is named Villa Shatterhand in the source, matching a persona May used.
The National Biscuit Company, now called Nabisco, developed the Oreo at its Chelsea factory in New York City, and a grocer in Hoboken, New Jersey bought the first one sold on 6 March 1912. The name was trademarked on 14 March.
Notes
Infobox gives introduced 6 March 1912; body gives first sale 6 March 1912 and trademark 14 March 1912.
· Savannah, Georgia, United States · North America
Juliette Gordon Low holds a Girl Guide troop's first meeting in Savannah
Everyday life
On 12 March 1912, in Savannah, Georgia, Juliette Gordon Low held the first meeting of a Girl Guide troop. The organisation was renamed Girl Scouts of the United States in 1913.
Notes
Wikidata and the history section give 12 March 1912; the lead says the organisation was founded in 1912.
Thelma Catherine Ryan, later known as Pat, was born in Ely, Nevada, and grew up in Artesia, California, paying for her schooling with jobs as typist, radiographer and retail clerk. She married Richard Nixon in 1940 and was First Lady from 1969 to 1974.
Democratic primaries leave the 1912 nomination undecided
Politics & diplomacy
Democratic voters chose delegates from 19 March to 4 June 1912. Champ Clark led Woodrow Wilson, but neither was near the two-thirds needed, and Wilson won the nomination only after forty ballots at the convention.
Espana F.C. was founded on 20 March 1912, breaking away from an earlier club. It became Real Club Espana in 1920 and in the amateur era won 13 league titles and 7 cup tournaments.
Notes
The date 20 March 1912 appears in English, Spanish, French, Italian and Portuguese Wikipedia; German Wikipedia's statistics list gives 4 March 1912 without a source, and Wikidata gives only 1912. The parent club differs: English Wikipedia says the split was from México F.C. (founded 1910), Spanish Wikipedia says from Club San Pedro de los Pinos, so the summary names neither.
· Chicago, Illinois, United States · North America
Karl Malden is born
LivesMedium confidence
Karl Malden was born Mladen Sekulovich in Chicago, on his mother's 20th birthday. He won the Best Supporting Actor Oscar for playing Mitch in A Streetcar Named Desire, and later led The Streets of San Francisco as Lt. Mike Stone.
Notes
Wikidata also gives 22 March 1914 as an alternative; the source gives 22 March 1912.
Pascual Orozco's rebels win the First Battle of Rellano
War & conflict
Rebels under Pascual Orozco beat government troops under José González Salas, who were loyal to Francisco I. Madero, at the Rellano railroad station in Chihuahua on 24 March 1912. Orozco had formally declared a rebellion earlier that month.
Yamaoka founded the company in Osaka in March 1912 as Yamaoka Engine Workshop, first making gasoline-powered engines. It now makes diesel engines and heavy and agricultural machinery.
Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China takes effect in Nanjing
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
Framed by Sun Yat-sen's Nanjing Provisional Government after the Xinhai Revolution succeeded, the document worked as a formal constitution. It took effect as supreme law on 11 March 1912, replacing the earlier organisational outline.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1912-03-08; the article gives 11 March 1912 as the date it came into effect. The article also covers a 1931 Provisional Constitution of the tutelage period; it is that later document which the 1946 Constitution superseded, so the 1946 date is not used for this row.
The province of Bihar and Orissa is created out of Bengal
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
On 22 March 1912 Bihar and Orissa were separated from the Bengal Presidency of British India to form a new province. Bihar is today a state in eastern India.
Notes
The day comes from an infobox formation date linked to Bihar Day (Bihar Diwas); the body gives only the year 1912. The Bihar and Orissa Province article gives 22 March 1912 in its lead but says the province was separated from Bengal on 1 April 1912 in its history section. French Wikipedia gives 22 March 1912; German Wikipedia gives only the year. Wikidata also gives 22 March 1912.
Italian troops under Luigi Capello fought Ottoman and Senussi forces under Enver Pasha and Ahmed Sharif as-Senussi near Derna on 3 March 1912, in the Italo-Turkish War. Derna stayed under Italian control, but the other side kept the Jebel Akhdar highlands.
Notes
Calendar not stated in source (Ottoman territory).
Sultan Abd al-Hafid signs the Treaty of Fes, making Morocco a French protectorate
Politics & diplomacy
On 30 March 1912 Sultan Abd al-Hafid signed, under duress, the treaty that created the French protectorate in Morocco. A French Resident-General held absolute power at home and abroad, while the Sultan kept only the right to sign decrees submitted to him.
Notes
Merged duplicate row 1912-03-30-treaty-of-fez-creates-the-french-protectorate-in-morocco (Treaty of Fez creates the French protectorate in Morocco). Merged duplicate row 1912-03-30-sultan-abdelhafid-signs-the-treaty-of-fes-making-morocco-a-p (Sultan Abdelhafid signs the Treaty of Fes, making Morocco a protectorate). Its notes: Wikidata gives 1912-03-30 for the end of the Sharifian state; the source article is Alawi Sultanate.
Oates, a British army officer on the Terra Nova Expedition, died of hypothermia after walking from his tent into a freezing blizzard. Gangrene and frostbite were slowing his three companions, and he chose certain death to spare them the burden of caring for him.
The British naval officer who led the Discovery and Terra Nova expeditions died with his companions, some distance short of their base camp and the next depot. Scott's party of five had arrived at the South Pole in January 1912, under five weeks after Amundsen.
Notes
Date taken from the infobox (death_date: 29 March 1912), but the infobox and lead mark it as circa and the body puts his presumed death on 29 March, or possibly the day after; his last diary entry is dated 29 March. Wikidata gives the same date.
Edward Wilson, an English polar explorer, naturalist and physician, died on the Ross Ice Shelf on or soon after 29 March 1912. He had been among five men who reached the South Pole on 18 January 1912 and found Amundsen's team there first.
Notes
The infobox gives 29 March 1912, the date of Scott's last diary entry; the article puts the party's deaths in their tent on that date or shortly afterwards. The bodies were found by a search party on 12 November 1912.
Modena Football Club is formed from two local clubs
Sport
Modena was formed on 5 April 1912 from two local clubs, Audax Modena and a student football association. It played its opening friendly, against Venezia, on 3 November 1912 and joined the Italian league for 1912-13.
Notes
The present club, Modena FC 2018, was refounded in 2018; the 1912 date refers to the original club.
Giovanni Pascoli, an Italian poet and classical scholar and a student of Giosuè Carducci, died of liver cancer in Bologna at 56. He was a central figure of late nineteenth-century Italian literature.
The 17th Paris-Roubaix, run on 7 April 1912, ended in a velodrome in Roubaix. Charles Crupelandt of France won, ahead of Gustave Garrigou.
Notes
The infobox and the results table both list Maurice Léturgie third; the checker read Octave Lapize as third, but the table gives him fourth. Third place is left off the card in any case, as the leading riders all share the winner's time.
FC Barcelona beat Real Sociedad Gimnástica Española of Madrid 2-0 on 7 April 1912 in Barcelona, at the Camp de la Indústria. Alfredo Massana and Pepe Rodríguez scored the goals.
The Royal Flying Corps is created by royal warrant
War & conflict
King George V signed a royal warrant creating the Royal Flying Corps on 13 April 1912, after a Committee of Imperial Defence sub-committee proposed naval and military wings and a flying school. It served as the Army's air arm until the RAF formed in 1918.
Notes
The English article and infobox give 13 April 1912 for the royal warrant establishing the corps, with the Air Battalion becoming its Military Wing on 13 May. French Wikipedia dates the royal decree creating the military branch to 13 May 1912.
Henri Brisson, a French statesman of the Radical party born in Bourges, died in Paris on 14 April 1912. He served twice as Prime Minister of France, in 1885-1886 and again in 1898.
The Daily Herald, a labour daily, appears in London
Art & literatureMedium confidence
The first issue of the Daily Herald, a London daily for the labour movement, came out on 15 April 1912. Dockers' leader Ben Tillett and other radical trade unionists set out to raise funds for it, wanting a paper independent of the Labour Party and the Trades Union Congress.
Notes
First issue date from a body sentence. The body also says the paper was renamed Daily Herald from 25 January 1911 and ran until a strike ended in April 1911, an earlier use of the name. Wikidata gives 1912 (year precision).
The Split club was started on 16 April 1912 under the name Anarch. It has since been called Borac, Jug, HAŠK, Dalmatinac and Arsenal, and now plays in the sixth level of Croatian football.
A hybrid solar eclipse crosses Portugal, Spain and France
Science
The eclipse began and ended as annular, with a brief stretch of totality in between that was only 1.3 km wide and visible from Portugal and Spain. The annular path continued over France, including north-west Paris suburbs, and on to Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany and the Russian Empire.
Notes
Totality in Portugal and Spain; annularity from Venezuela to Russia (per the lead).
Bram Stoker, an Irish writer, barrister, critic and theatre manager, died in Pimlico, London, on 20 April 1912. He wrote the Gothic horror novel Dracula (1897) and created Count Dracula.
Notes
Infobox gives the death place as Pimlico, London; the candidate row proposed St George's Square.
· Crystal Palace, London and Bramall Lane, Sheffield, England · Europe
Barnsley beat West Bromwich Albion in the FA Cup final
Sport
The 41st FA Cup final was drawn at Crystal Palace on 20 April 1912. In the replay at Bramall Lane on 24 April, Tufnell scored in the last minute of extra time to give Barnsley the win.
Notes
Wikidata gives the month only; the final was played on 20 April and replayed on 24 April 1912, and the end date is held in date_end.
The one-act ballet, choreographed by Ivan Clustine, was first performed at the Theatre du Chatelet. Natacha Trouhanova danced the title role, with Alfred Bekefi as Iskender, the Persian name for Alexander the Great. It was Dukas's last published work.
The Netherlands Open Air Museum is established at Arnhem
Everyday life
The park at Arnhem was founded on 24 April 1912, after Frederic Adolph Hoefer proposed it that month, having visited similar museums in Scandinavia. It shows the daily lives of ordinary people and traditional Dutch ways of living.
The football side of Sporting Clube Olhanense began on 27 April 1912 in Olhão, in the Algarve, initially as the fourth branch of Sporting Clube de Portugal. It won the Campeonato de Portugal in 1924.
On 1 April 1912 the Parliament of Canada pushed Quebec's northern boundary to where it lies today, moving the former District of Ungava of the Northwest Territories into Quebec. Cree, Montagnais, Naskapi and Inuit peoples live in the area.
· Glen Echo, Maryland, United States · North America
Clara Barton dies
Lives
Clara Barton, who established the American Red Cross, died of pneumonia at her home in Glen Echo, Maryland, aged 90. A hospital nurse during the Civil War, she never attended nursing school and gave self-taught care.
The Royal Ontario Museum is established in Toronto
Art & literature
The Ontario government and the University of Toronto shared its governance from the formal start. It opened to the public in March 1914, and its collections cover art, world culture and natural history.
Notes
Wikidata category (science_discovery) was changed.
US Senate hearings on the Titanic disaster open in New York
Politics & diplomacy
A Senate subcommittee under Senator William Alden Smith opened its inquiry at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, then moved to Washington, D.C. More than 80 witnesses testified or sent sworn statements, and the report led to the Radio Act of 1912.
Notes
Subcommittee formed 17 April 1912; final report presented 28 May 1912.
· Ishpeming, Michigan, United States · North America
Glenn T. Seaborg is born
Lives
Glenn Seaborg was born in Ishpeming, Michigan. He took part in synthesising and discovering ten transuranium elements, shared the 1951 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for it, and chaired the US Atomic Energy Commission from 1961 to 1971.
· Boston, Massachusetts, United States · North America
Fenway Park opens in Boston
SportMedium confidence
Fenway Park has been the Boston Red Sox's home since 1912. Its quirks include the Green Monster in left field, Pesky's Pole and The Triangle, and it was rebuilt substantially in 1934.
Notes
The English article's infobox and body give 20 April 1912 as the opening and first game. French Wikipedia says the park first opened to the public on 9 April 1912 for an exhibition against Harvard, and calls 20 April the first major-league game. Groundbreaking was 25 September 1911.
Navin Field opened on 20 April 1912, built in steel and concrete on the orders of owner Frank Navin for growing crowds. The Detroit Tigers played there until 1999, and it was later renamed Briggs Stadium and then Tiger Stadium.
The US Chamber of Commerce is founded in Washington
Economy & tradeMedium confidence
Delegates from local chambers of commerce met at the Willard Hotel and founded the national body on 23 April 1912. President Taft and Charles Nagel urged its creation, as Taft wanted business to have a body with real authority behind its voice.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1912-04-22; the infobox and lead give 23 April 1912.
On 30 April 1912 the Universal Film Manufacturing Company was legally incorporated in New York City, founded by Carl Laemmle and a group of film businessmen. It was formed by merging several film companies, among them Independent Moving Pictures and the Powers company.
Notes
The body also says the company was established on 8 June 1912 through the merger of six companies; 30 April is the incorporation date given in the lead and infobox. Wikidata gives 1912-04-30.
Three local sportsmen, Raimundo Marques, Argemiro de Souza Júnior and Mário Ferraz de Campos, founded the club after a 14-hour meeting at the Concordia Club, since Santos had no football side of its own. Its first practice match came on 23 June 1912 at Villa Macuco, a 2-1 win over a local side named Thereza.
Notes
The infobox gives 14 April 1912; the lead gives 1912.
América Futebol Clube is founded in Belo Horizonte
SportMedium confidence
Young men who played football purely for love of the game turned their team into a proper club on 30 April 1912. In 1913 it fused with Minas Gerais Futebol Clube.
Notes
The lead says black was added to the colours in the 1970s but the body says the 1913 fusion brought green, white and black; the card makes no colour claim.
· Near the Lena River, northeast Siberia, Russian Empire · Asia
Soldiers shoot striking goldfield workers near the Lena River
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
Imperial Russian Army soldiers fired on striking goldfield workers in northeast Siberia, causing hundreds of casualties among marchers protesting the arrest of their strike committee. The shooting did much to stir revolutionary feeling in Russia.
Notes
The English lead gives 17 April 1912 (New Style, 4 April Old Style) and French Wikipedia gives 4 April 1912 Julian, the same day; but the English body puts the arrests on the night of 17 April and the march and shooting on the following afternoon, so the day is not settled and only the month is stored. Wikidata gives 4 April 1912. Russian Empire, so the original calendar was Julian.
Army officers plot against King Vajiravudh in the Palace Revolt
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
Seven army officers resolved on 13 January 1912 to overthrow Siam's king, disliking his absolutist rule and his favouring of the Wild Tiger Corps. They set the plot for 1 April, Thai New Year, but it failed.
Notes
Infobox gives 1 April 1912, the date set for the plot; Wikidata gives only the year. The plotters decided on action on 13 January 1912.
The Japanese poet Takuboku Ishikawa, known for his tanka, died of tuberculosis on 13 April 1912. His first tanka collection, A Handful of Sand, had appeared in 1910.
Kim Il Sung was born Kim Song Ju on 15 April 1912 in Heijō, Korea, under Japanese rule. He grew up in northeast China and became a communist as a teenager. In 1948 he established North Korea and ruled it until his death in 1994.
In April 1912 the Committee of Union and Progress, which governed, took 269 of the 275 seats and the opposition Freedom and Accord Party only six. Many saw the result as fraudulent and won by intimidation, during the Italo-Turkish War and a revolt in Yemen.
Notes
Calendar not stated in source (Ottoman Empire); only the month is stored.
Subh-i-Azal, an Iranian writer and Bábí figure born Mīrzā Yaḥyā Nūrī, died in Famagusta, in British Cyprus, on 29 April 1912. Bábís who still recognised his authority after the split with Baháʼu'lláh came to be called Azalís.
Notes
Calendar not stated in source (Persian figure); the day comes from the infobox, while the lead gives 1831-1912.
Riots break out in Fez against the new French protectorate
War & conflict
Riots began in Fez when French officers announced the terms of the Treaty of Fes, creating a French protectorate. Moroccan soldiers mutinied, attacked their commanders and went for the European district and Jewish quarter. French artillery shelled the Jewish quarter, and the rebels surrendered after two days.
Notes
Local sources also call the riots the Tritl and the Bloody Days of Fes.
RMS Titanic sinks in the North Atlantic after striking an iceberg
Disasters
Titanic, bound from Southampton to New York City on her maiden voyage, struck an iceberg at 23:40 on 14 April 1912 and went under at 02:20 on 15 April, ship's time. Around 1,500 of the more than 2,200 people aboard died, though estimates vary.
Notes
The row dates the sinking to 15 April 1912, when the ship disappeared at 02:20 ship's time (the body text and the infobox duration agree); the collision was at 23:40 on 14 April. The infobox date range 14-15 April covers collision to sinking. Wikidata gives only 1912-04 (month precision), with 14 and 15 April as start and end. Times are ship's time; the infobox gives GMT as 02:38 to 05:18. The lead gives 710 survivors, while the body's modern figures are 712 survivors and 1,496 deaths, so no survivor count is stored. The same sinking was also drafted from the ship's own article (Q25173-dissolution), which is dropped as a duplicate. Merged duplicate row 1912-04-15-the-titanic-sinks-after-hitting-an-iceberg (The Titanic sinks after hitting an iceberg). Its notes: Candidate is the wreck; the date is the sinking, 15 April 1912.
Edward Smith, the British captain commanding the liner Titanic, died with 1,495 others when she hit an iceberg on her first voyage. His social skills and hospitality had earned him the name 'Millionaire's Captain'.
Notes
Wikidata gives the same date; infobox and lead agree. The source says some accounts report he meant to retire after the Titanic voyage.
Thomas Andrews, a British shipbuilder and managing director of Harland and Wolff in Belfast, died with more than 1,500 others when the Titanic sank on her maiden voyage. He had helped design the Olympic-class liners, above all the Titanic itself.
Straus, who owned Macy's with his brother Nathan and had served in the US House of Representatives for New York, died when the Titanic sank. His wife Ida refused to leave the ship without him and died too.
Notes
The ship hit the iceberg late on 14 April 1912; the death date of 15 April comes from the lead and infobox.
John Jacob Astor IV dies in the sinking of the Titanic
Lives
Astor, a business magnate, real estate developer and investor, was the richest passenger aboard the Titanic. He had married the 18-year-old Madeleine Force in September 1911, and his son John Jacob Astor VI was born in August 1912.
Jack Phillips, the British chief wireless operator on the Titanic's maiden voyage, died on 15 April 1912 as the ship sank. He had passed ice warnings to the bridge and tried hard to reach other ships for help.
The Titanic's eight-member orchestra, who played chamber music in the first-class section, played on as the ship sank in the small hours of 15 April 1912, hoping to calm passengers. All of the members died.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1912 for the group and 1912-04-15 as its end; the excerpt dates the sinking to 15 April 1912.
W. T. Stead, an English newspaper editor and pioneer of investigative journalism, died when the Titanic sank. His 1885 series The Maiden Tribute of Modern Babylon supported a law that moved the consent age up from 13 to sixteen.
Benjamin Guggenheim dies in the sinking of the Titanic
Lives
Benjamin Guggenheim, an American businessman from the Guggenheim family, died with 1,495 other people when the Titanic sank on her first voyage. His secretary, Victor Giglio, and chauffeur, René Pernot, travelled with him and also died.
Liberal Unionist Party agrees to merge into the Conservatives
Politics & diplomacy
In May 1912 the Liberal Unionists, who had broken from the Liberal Party in 1886 over Irish Home Rule, agreed to a complete merger with their Conservative allies. The joint body took the name Conservative and Unionist Party.
The British inquiry into the Titanic sinking opens in London
Politics & diplomacy
Lord Mersey presided for the Board of Trade, mostly in a drill hall on Buckingham Gate. Close to 100 people gave evidence and fielded over 25,000 questions before the report appeared on 30 July 1912.
Notes
Hearings began on 2 May 1912 and ended on 3 July 1912; the end date is held in date_end.
Pathé released Georges Méliès's French silent trick film on 3 May 1912. It follows an international band of explorers on a comic North Pole trip. Critics in France and Britain praised it, yet it flopped commercially and deepened Méliès's money troubles.
Italian soldiers under Lieutenant General Giovanni Ameglio came ashore unopposed in Kalithea Bay at 4:00 am on 4 May, after the navy had cut the telegraph cable to the Turkish mainland. Thirteen days of fighting gave them the island and ended nearly 400 years of Ottoman rule.
Notes
Infobox gives the fighting as 4-16 May 1912; Wikidata gives 4 May start and 16 May end. Ottoman Empire place; calendar not stated.
The Bolsheviks launch the workers' daily Pravda in Saint Petersburg
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
The first issue of Pravda under Lenin's leadership came out on 5 May 1912, the anniversary of Karl Marx's birth, as a legal daily workers' paper in St. Petersburg. After the October Revolution it became the main government paper of the Soviet state.
Notes
The article gives 5 May 1912 with 22 April 1912 marked Old Style; the Gregorian date is stored, and the lead's 'April 1912' matches the Old Style day. French Wikipedia gives the same pair. The article is unclear on lineage: the lead says the Bolsheviks took over the name of Trotsky's earlier paper, while the body says that paper moved from Vienna to St Petersburg and traces it to a Moscow journal of 1903.
Art competitions join the Olympic programme in Stockholm
Art & literatureMedium confidence
The Stockholm Games included art competitions for the first time, with medals for architecture, literature, music, painting and sculpture, all on sport-related themes. They stayed on the programme until 1948.
Notes
Dates come from the infobox and may span the whole Games period. Wikidata gives 1912 (year precision). Category set to arts_literature instead of sport.
Olympic tennis tournaments begin in Stockholm, indoors and outdoors
SportMedium confidence
Tennis at the Stockholm Games had eight events, split between an indoor tournament on wood and an outdoor one on clay. Charles Winslow of South Africa beat his countryman Harold Kitson in the outdoor men's singles final.
Notes
Infobox gives the indoor event as 5–12 May and the outdoor event as 29 June–5 July; the lead gives the outdoor event as 28 June to 5 July. Start and end dates run from the indoor start to the outdoor end, matching Wikidata (5 May to 5 July).
Built by the club HAŠK, Maksimir Stadium opened on 5 May 1912 with several friendly matches between HAŠK and its city rivals HŠK Građanski Zagreb. Dinamo Zagreb are now based there, and Croatia's national team has used it since 1990.
The Austrian club was formed on 5 May 1912 in Ried im Innkreis as Sportvereinigung Ried. Until 1991 it played in Upper Austria's regional leagues, and it now plays in the Austrian Bundesliga.
Three men, among them Nils Norin and Thure Ternström, formed Brynäs IF in Gävle on 12 May 1912. The club took up ice hockey in 1939 and has since won 13 Swedish championships.
The Swedish dramatist, novelist, poet, essayist and painter died in Stockholm, the city where he was born in 1849. Across four decades he wrote more than 60 plays and over 30 other books.
Frederick VIII, Denmark's king since 1906, died in Hamburg on 14 May 1912 while returning from Nice, staying at a hotel as Count Kronberg. His eldest son succeeded him as Christian X, and another son became Haakon VII of Norway.
Notes
Wikidata gives the same date; infobox, lead and body agree.
Eduard Strasburger, a Polish-German professor and botanist born in Warsaw, died in Bonn on 18 May 1912. He discovered mitosis in plants and received the Linnean Medal and the Darwin-Wallace Medal.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1912-05-19 as the main date and 1912-05-18 as an alternative; the lead gives 18 May 1912.
The fourth Giro began in Milan on 19 May, with a first stage to Padua. Fourteen teams and 54 riders started, and the overall winner was decided by team points rather than individual times. Atala-Dunlop won, ahead of Peugeot and Gerbi.
Notes
The English article gives 19 May to 4 June 1912 (finish at Bergamo); French Wikipedia gives an end on 2 June, though its own stage table lists a ninth stage on 4 June. The 19 May start agrees in both.
· Warsaw, Congress Poland, Russian Empire · Europe
Alexander Nevsky Cathedral in Warsaw is dedicated
Religion & philosophyMedium confidence
The Russian Orthodox cathedral in Warsaw's Saxon Square, designed by Leon Benois and built between 1894 and 1912, stood 70 metres tall, the tallest building in the city at that time. Polish authorities demolished it in the mid-1920s.
Notes
Calendar not stated in source (Russian Empire in 1912); if the date is Old Style, the Gregorian date would be 2 June 1912.
János Kádár was born in Fiume to a single mother and grew up in poverty before moving to Budapest. He joined the Communist youth organisation KIMSZ, later became First Secretary of the prewar Communist party, and led the ruling party as General Secretary for 32 years.
Connolly, Larkin and William O'Brien founded the party in Clonmel Town Hall to serve as the political arm of the Irish Trades Union Congress. The Dublin Lockout of 1913 soon weakened the labour movement.
Lecoq de Boisbaudran, a self-taught French chemist and pioneer of spectroscopy, discovered the elements gallium, samarium and dysprosium. He also devised methods to separate and purify rare earth elements.
Patrick White was born in Knightsbridge, London, to affluent Australian parents and spent his childhood in Sydney and at the family's country properties. His first novel, Happy Valley, appeared in 1939, and he won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1973.
Vaslav Nijinsky choreographed and danced the main part in Afternoon of a Faun for the Ballets Russes at Paris's Théâtre du Châtelet. The dancers moved barefoot in profile, like figures on an ancient Greek vase, to music by Claude Debussy.
In May 1912 the Legislative Assembly chose three horizontal bands of blue, white and blue as El Salvador's flag. It replaced a design that resembled the United States flag, and was first raised on 15 September 1912 at San Salvador's Campo de Marte.
Notes
The English text says the Assembly adopted the flag on 17 May 1912, while Wikidata and French Wikipedia give 27 May 1912 (French Wikipedia's own gallery ends the old flag on 17 May), so only the month is stored. The lead dates the current flag to 24 March 1916.
Saved from the Titanic reached American audiences in May 1912, about a month after the sinking. It starred Dorothy Gibson, an actress who survived the disaster. The film is lost, as fire at the Éclair studio destroyed the last known prints in March 1914.
Notes
The English article gives the US release as 16 May 1912; French Wikipedia gives 14 May 1912, so only the month is stored.
· Manhattan, New York, United States · North America
Bankers Trust Company Building at 14 Wall Street opens in Manhattan
ArchitectureMedium confidence
Trowbridge & Livingston designed the neoclassical tower, built from 1910 to 1912, and the bank's staff began moving in on 20 May 1912. Its seven-story pyramidal roof draws on the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus.
Notes
Infobox gives opening_date May 20, 1912; the body says the building officially opened on 1 May 1912 and that Bankers Trust began moving in on 20 May. Month stored because the days differ.
A chapel at Washington National Cathedral opens for services
Religion & philosophyMedium confidence
A chapel at the cathedral in Washington, D.C. held its first religious services on 1 May, and services have been held there daily, almost without a break, ever since. The cathedral's foundation stone had been laid in 1907, with President Theodore Roosevelt present.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1912 (year) for the cathedral. The cathedral as a whole was begun in 1907 and completed in 1990; the date used here is the chapel's opening for services.
· Baltimore, Maryland, United States · North America
Nettie Stevens dies
Lives
Stevens, an American geneticist, discovered the sex chromosomes, later known as X and Y, through her work on mealworms. She died of breast cancer in Baltimore, nine years after completing her doctorate.
· Beverly Hills, California, United States · North America
Beverly Hills Hotel opens
Architecture
The hotel opened on 12 May 1912, before the city of Beverly Hills existed, under the widow Margaret Anderson and her son Stanley. Elmer Grey designed it in Mediterranean Revival style, and it was first painted pink in 1948.
Detroit's Ty Cobb climbed into the stands at Hilltop Park and attacked a heckler, Claude Lucker, on 15 May 1912. American League president Ban Johnson suspended him and fined him $50, and his teammates refused to play until he was reinstated.
· Chandler, Arizona, United States · North America
The town of Chandler, Arizona, is founded
Everyday lifeMedium confidence
Chandler, now a suburb in the Phoenix area in Maricopa County, began in May 1912 when its town-site office opened. By 1913 the town centre had the Hotel San Marcos, which had a grass golf course.
Notes
The infobox gives the founding date as 17 May 1912; a body sentence says the town-site office opened on 16 May 1912. Wikidata gives 1912 (year precision). The candidate category politics_diplomacy is replaced by everyday_life.
Afro-Cuban rebels and the Cuban army fight the War of 1912
War & conflict
Afro-Cuban rebels and the Cuban armed forces fought mainly in eastern Cuba in 1912, in a conflict also called the Little Race War. The army massacred Afro-Cubans, the United States intervened militarily, and the rebel leaders Evaristo Estenoz and Pedro Ivonnet were killed.
Government troops fight Orozco's rebels in the Second Battle of Rellano
War & conflict
On 22 May 1912, at the Rellano railroad station in Chihuahua, General Victoriano Huerta's government troops met rebels under Pascual Orozco. It was a setback for Orozco, who had beaten another government army at the same place in March.
· Indianapolis, Indiana, United States · North America
Joe Dawson wins the 1912 Indianapolis 500
Sport
At the second running of the race, Indiana-born Joe Dawson won despite leading only the last two laps. Ralph DePalma had led 196 of the 200 laps and built a lead of over five laps before his car broke a connecting rod with just over two to go.
· Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil · South America
Tupi Football Club is founded in Juiz de Fora
SportMedium confidence
Six people, among them Antônio Maria Júnior and João Baptista Georg, founded the club in Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais. It now plays in the third tier of the state league and is nicknamed Galo, meaning rooster.
Notes
The infobox and lead give 26 May 1912; the body gives 16 May 1912. Month stored because the day differs.
Operario Ferroviario Esporte Clube is founded in Ponta Grossa
Sport
The football club was founded on 1 May 1912 in Ponta Grossa, in the Brazilian state of Parana. It is the second oldest club in the state, plays in Serie B and has competed once in Serie A.
Sporting Miraflores invited other clubs in Lima and Callao to form a league, and those that accepted founded the Liga Peruana de Fútbol on 12 May 1912; Callao teams declined. The first season had two divisions.
Mangal and Jadran tribesmen rose in Khost on 2 May 1912, blaming the governor Muhammad Akbar Khan, whom they trapped in the fort at Matun. The rebels surrendered on 14 August 1912 after Afghan authorities unexpectedly made concessions, including naming a new governor.
Japan held a general election on 15 May 1912. The Rikken Seiyūkai party won 209 of the 381 seats, in a vote open only to men over 25 who paid a set amount of direct tax.
The Kert campaign ends with the killing of Mohammed Ameziane
War & conflict
Spain fought Riffian harkas under Mohammed Ameziane, who had urged a holy war against the Spanish. The campaign ended when native regulares killed him on 15 May 1912.
Notes
The campaign ran from 24 August 1911 to 15 May 1912 per the infobox.
The Dutch-born painter, who settled in London in 1870 and favoured scenes of Roman luxury in marble interiors, died in Wiesbaden in June. He had gone to a spa there in summer with his daughter Anna for stomach ulcers.
Notes
Lead and infobox give 25 June 1912; a body sentence gives 28 June 1912. Wikidata gives 25 June. Month stored because the days disagree.
Thomas Sopwith sets up the Sopwith Aviation Company
Economy & tradeMedium confidence
Thomas Sopwith, a rich sportsman keen on flying, sailing and motor-racing, set up his company at Brooklands in June 1912. After its first military sale in November 1912 it moved into a former roller skating rink in Kingston. It later built the Sopwith Camel.
Notes
The infobox gives founded: 15 December 1913; the body gives June 1912 for the creation of the company, and French Wikipedia also gives June 1912 but places it at Kingston upon Thames, while the English body puts it at Brooklands.
Daniel Burnham, an American architect and urban planner, directed the works for the World's Columbian Exposition of 1892-93, the White City. His buildings include the Flatiron Building and Washington Union Station, and Filene's in Boston was the last major building he designed.
Architect Torben Grut designed the Stockholm Olympic Stadium, built between 1910 and 1912 to host the 1912 Olympic Games. It staged athletics, gymnastics, wrestling, tug of war and some football and riding events.
Notes
The infobox gives the opening as 1 June 1912 and Wikidata agrees; Swedish Wikipedia also says the stadium was inaugurated on Saturday 1 June 1912. The English lead and French Wikipedia give only the year.
Ravel's ballet Daphnis et Chloé premieres in Paris
Stage, music & film
Diaghilev's Ballets Russes gave the first performance of Ravel's Daphnis et Chloé on 8 June 1912 at the Théâtre du Châtelet. Michel Fokine devised the choreography, Léon Bakst the sets, and Pierre Monteux conducted.
Notes
Wikidata also holds 1912-01-01 as a creation date; the premiere date is 8 June 1912.
Ion Luca Caragiale, a Romanian dramatist, story writer, poet and journalist, died in Berlin. His comedies include O noapte furtunoasă and O scrisoare pierdută, and many rank him among the finest playwrights in the Romanian language.
Notes
He died in Berlin, where the Gregorian calendar was in use; Romanian Wikipedia also gives 9 June 1912 for his death at his Berlin home. Wikidata gives 9 June 1912.
French economist and pacifist Frédéric Passy died at Neuilly-sur-Seine after a long illness. He had helped found the Inter-Parliamentary Union and several peace societies, and shared the 1901 Nobel Peace Prize with Red Cross founder Henry Dunant.
Notes
The infobox and French Wikipedia give Neuilly-sur-Seine as the place of death; one body sentence of the English article says Paris.
A football branch of the Croatian Sports Federation is established
SportMedium confidence
The Croatian football federation counts 13 June 1912 as its foundation date, the day a football branch of the Croatian Sports Federation was set up. Milovan Zoričić was its first president.
Notes
The lead says formed in 1912; the history section says the modern federation counts 13 June 1912 as its foundation date.
The Warta Poznań sports club was established on 15 June 1912 and added an athletics section that year and a tennis section in 1914. Its football side won the Polish title twice, in 1929 and 1947.
The London and North Western Railway opens the line serving Stonebridge Park
Architecture
The London and North Western Railway opened the line on 15 June 1912, as part of its New Line project, and Stonebridge Park station opened with it in Tokyngton and Stonebridge in north-west London. Today it is on the Bakerloo line and the Lioness line.
Alan Turing was born in London on 23 June 1912 and became an English mathematician and logician. He formalised algorithm and computation through the Turing machine, and at Bletchley Park he headed Hut 8, which decrypted German naval messages.
The 36th Wimbledon ran from 24 June to 8 July 1912 on grass at the All England club. Anthony Wilding won the men's singles and Ethel Larcombe the women's singles.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year, with an end date of 1911-07-08; the source dates the tournament 24 June to 8 July 1912.
Georges Boillot wins the French Grand Prix at Dieppe
Sport
The race ran over two days on public roads around Dieppe. Georges Boillot won in a Peugeot, ahead of Louis Wagner in a Fiat and Victor Rigal in a Sunbeam.
Notes
The race spanned 25 and 26 June 1912; the end date is held in date_end.
Mahler's Symphony No. 9 is first performed in Vienna
Stage, music & film
The Vienna Philharmonic gave the premiere under Bruno Walter at the Vienna Festival. Mahler had died in May 1911 without hearing the work, the last symphony he completed.
Notes
Universal Edition published the score in 1912 per infobox.
The tenth Tour de France ran over 15 stages from 30 June to 28 July 1912. Odile Defraye was signed by Alcyon to support Gustave Garrigou but proved the stronger rider, took over as team leader and won, with Garrigou third.
Eight people are killed in the Villisca axe murders
Everyday life
Overnight from 9 June into the early hours of 10 June, eight people died in the Moore family home in Villisca, Iowa: the six members of the family and two overnight guests. All had severe axe wounds to the head, and six of them were children.
Notes
Category set to everyday_life as no crime category exists. Wikidata category (politics_diplomacy) was not used.
· Newport, Rhode Island and Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia, United States · North America
The 1912 U.S. National Championships are played at Newport and Philadelphia
SportMedium confidence
The 32nd edition of the tournament now called the US Open split its events between venues. The women's events were held in Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia, on 10-15 June and the men's singles at the Newport Casino on 19-26 August.
Notes
The women's events (10-15 June) and men's singles (19-26 August) were held at different venues; the span is 10 June to 26 August 1912, with the end date in date_end.
Olimpia began on 12 June 1912 as a baseball club called Nacional Olimpia, founded by Héctor Pineda Ugarte and others including the Bram and Buk families. It is now Honduras's most successful team, based in Tegucigalpa.
The Republican National Convention met at the Chicago Coliseum from 18 to 22 June 1912 and picked President Taft and Vice President Sherman again. Many of Roosevelt's delegates stayed but mostly refused to vote, protesting the contested delegates.
· Nashville, Tennessee, United States · North America
A state normal school is founded in Nashville, later Tennessee State University
Everyday life
The school was founded in 1912 as a state normal school for agricultural and industrial training, and its dedication took place on 16 January 1913. It is now Tennessee State University, a public land-grant university in Nashville.
Notes
Infobox gives established 19 June 1912; the school's dedication was held on 16 January 1913.
· Chicago, Illinois, United States · North America
Voltairine de Cleyre dies
LivesMedium confidence
American anarchist and feminist Voltairine de Cleyre died in Chicago, where she had settled by 1910 and lectured on progressive education. Born into extreme poverty in Michigan, she taught herself to read and write, and her health never fully recovered after a former student tried to murder her.
Notes
Wikidata gives 19 June 1912 and also holds 20 June; the article gives 20 June.
Democrats meet in Baltimore and nominate Woodrow Wilson
Politics & diplomacy
The Democratic National Convention met at Baltimore's Fifth Regiment Armory from 25 June to 2 July 1912. It nominated Woodrow Wilson of New Jersey for president and Thomas R. Marshall of Indiana for vice-president.
A tornado hit Regina on Sunday, 30 June 1912, killing 28 people and injuring about 300. It tore through a residential area, the downtown business district, rail yards and warehouses.
The Japanese Antarctic expedition's ship Kainan Maru returns to Tokyo
Exploration
The Kainan Maru entered Tokyo harbour on 20 June 1912 after a voyage of nearly 50,000 km, ending the 1910-12 Japanese Antarctic expedition led by Nobu Shirase. The expedition came home with no injuries or deaths.
Notes
The ship reached Yokohama on 19 June 1912 and entered Tokyo harbour the next day, 20 June, after a voyage of nearly 50,000 km. Wikidata gives the same date. The lead calls the sledge journey the fastest recorded, but the body says only that it was possibly the fastest of its time, so the card does not use it.
The International Amateur Athletic Federation begins forming in Stockholm
SportMedium confidence
The body now called World Athletics started its founding process in Stockholm in July 1912, soon after the Olympic Games there ended. A congress in 1913 formally completed the founding.
Notes
The English infobox and history say the process began on 18 July 1912, while Wikidata, French Wikipedia and German Wikipedia give 17 July 1912, so only the month is stored. The text also says the 1913 congress formally completed the founding. The candidate category architecture is replaced by sport.
Italian football's Seconda Categoria is renamed Promozione
SportMedium confidence
A rule on promotion and relegation was approved at the federal annual meeting in July 1912. The Seconda Categoria, a second-level regional tournament since 1904, was renamed Promozione because its winners were promoted to the level above.
Notes
Infobox gives founded: 1912; July 1912 is the approval of the rule and renaming.
Greco-Roman wrestling is contested at the 1912 Stockholm Olympics
Sport
Five Greco-Roman wrestling events, open only to men, were held at the Stockholm Olympic Stadium from 6 to 15 July 1912, with 170 competitors from 18 nations. The Light Heavyweight final ended in a draw after nine hours.
Swimming competition is held in Stockholm harbor at the 1912 Olympics
SportMedium confidence
Swimming ran from 6 to 12 July 1912 with nine events and some 120 participants from 17 countries, using a 100 m course in the waters of Stockholm harbor as the pool. Women's events joined the Olympic swimming programme for the first time.
Notes
The English article gives 6 to 12 July 1912 for the competition; German Wikipedia's infobox gives 6 to 15 July (with the year misprinted as 1908), so the end day is not settled.
Athletics competition is held at the 1912 Stockholm Olympics
Sport
From 6 to 15 July 1912 Stockholm Olympic Stadium hosted 30 athletics events, all for men. New 5000 and 10,000 metre races appeared, the decathlon returned and the pentathlon was introduced.
Notes
Competitor and nation counts are not stored: the article says 556 athletes from 27 nations, while German Wikipedia says counts vary between 534 and 556 and names 26 nations.
Gymnastics events are held at the Stockholm Olympics
Sport
Four men's gymnastics events took place in the Olympic stadium between 6 and 15 July 1912. There were no women's competitions, though women gave non-competitive displays.
Notes
The dates 6 to 15 July include the displays. Wikidata gives 1912 (year precision).
Modern pentathlon is contested at the Olympics for the first time
Sport
Pierre de Coubertin's invention, the modern pentathlon, made its Olympic debut in Stockholm. George S. Patton, later a general in the Second World War, represented the United States and finished fifth.
The water polo tournament is played at the 1912 Stockholm Olympics
Sport
The fourth Olympic water polo tournament ran from 7 to 16 July 1912 in a newly built swimming stadium at Djurgårdsbrunnsviken. Players from six nations took part, and Great Britain won gold, Sweden silver and Belgium bronze.
Notes
The infobox gives 46 competitors, but the body's team lists and German Wikipedia give 45, so no player count is stored.
The Stockholm Games held a single cycling event, a time trial that also counted as an individual race, on Sunday 7 July 1912. The road race is placed around Lake Mälaren.
Sweden beats Great Britain in the Olympic tug of war
Sport
With only two teams competing, the tug of war was a single match, between the Stockholm Police and a British team of City of London and Stepney policemen. Sweden won the first pull, then the second when exhausted Londoners sat down and were disqualified.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1912 (year precision); the infobox and lead give 8 July 1912.
Monarchists opposed to the two-year-old Portuguese First Republic attacked Chaves on 8 July 1912, led by Henrique Paiva Couceiro. Spain's King Alfonso XIII had discreetly armed them as they massed in Galicia. The attack ended in defeat.
Equestrian events are held at the Stockholm Olympics
SportMedium confidence
Five medal events in dressage, eventing and show jumping were held from 13 to 17 July 1912, with team medals in eventing and jumping. Ten nations took part, but only Sweden and Germany could field a full team in all three disciplines.
Notes
Dates are from the infobox (13 to 17 July 1912). Wikidata gives 1912 (year precision).
The United States and Sweden play a baseball demonstration game in Stockholm
Sport
Baseball appeared at the 1912 Games only as a demonstration sport. The United States beat host Sweden after six innings at the Ostermalm Athletic Grounds in Stockholm. A second exhibition the next day matched two American sides and included Jim Thorpe.
Notes
Second exhibition match was on 16 July 1912. Wikidata gives 1912 (year precision).
Henri Poincaré, a French mathematician, theoretical physicist and engineer who also wrote on the philosophy of science, died in Paris on 17 July 1912. He is described as the last universalist, having excelled in all fields of mathematics of his time.
Olympic rowing regatta is held at Djurgårdsbrunnsviken
Sport
Rowing at the Stockholm Games had four events, all for men, raced over three days from Thursday 17 to Saturday 19 July 1912. Every race took place at Djurgårdsbrunnsviken.
The Scottish poet, novelist and critic Andrew Lang, who also contributed to anthropology, died of angina pectoris at a hotel in Banchory. He is best known for collecting folk and fairy tales, a series that began with The Blue Fairy Book.
Marshall beats Levitsky in the Gold Coins Game at Breslau
Sport
In the DSB Congress master's tournament at Breslau, the American Frank Marshall played the Russian master Stepan Levitsky. A queen move left White without a defence and Levitsky resigned.
Allan Octavian Hume, a British civil servant in India, was a key founder of the Indian National Congress and an ornithologist known as the Father of Indian Ornithology. He started the journal Stray Feathers and gave his bird specimens to London's Natural History Museum.
Notes
Wikidata gives London as place; the infobox says Upper Norwood, London.
The Dominion of Canada Football Association is founded in Winnipeg
Sport
The Dominion of Canada Football Association came into being at Winnipeg, Manitoba, in July 1912, with Fred Barter heading its first executive committee. It became a FIFA member on 31 December 1912 and is now the Canadian Soccer Association.
· Squantum, Massachusetts, United States · North America
Harriet Quimby dies in a flying accident
Lives
Quimby, an American aviator, journalist and film screenwriter, died in a flying accident at Squantum, Massachusetts, aged 37. In 1912 she had piloted herself over the English Channel, the first woman recorded as doing so alone.
Cass Gilbert's Neo-Gothic Woolworth Building reached its top in Manhattan. F. W. Woolworth, founder of the five-and-ten-cent store chain, wanted it as his company's headquarters, and it was first planned at 12 to 16 stories before the plans were revised.
Notes
Infobox gives topped out 1 July 1912, completion 1912 and opening 24 April 1913; the body says it was completed in 1913. Wikidata gives 1 July 1912.
The flag shows a white pelican feeding its young on a blue field, with the state motto on a ribbon below. A pelican flag had been in common use since 1878, but the legislature made it official only in 1912.
Notes
A bill was introduced on 5 June 1912; the adoption date is 1 July 1912. Wikidata category (war_conflict) replaced by politics_diplomacy.
The Massachusetts Employees Insurance Association, later Liberty Mutual, begins
Economy & trade
The company began on 1 July 1912 as the Massachusetts Employees Insurance Association, following a 1911 Massachusetts law requiring employers to insure workers' compensation. It is now an American global insurer based in Boston.
· Edendale, Los Angeles, California, United States · North America
Mack Sennett founds Keystone Studios in Edendale
Stage, music & film
On 4 July 1912 Mack Sennett set up the Keystone Pictures Studio in Edendale, California, with backing from Adam Kessel and Charles O. Baumann. The Keystone Cops were created there from that year.
Notes
Infobox gives founded 1912; the lead gives 4 July 1912.
· Corning, New York, United States · North America
A train wreck at Corning, New York, kills 39
Disasters
Early on 4 July 1912, at 5.21 a.m., a train crash by the East Corning freight station in Gibson, on the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad, left 39 people dead and 88 injured. The inquest held engineer Schroeder responsible.
Les Amours de la reine Elisabeth is released in the United States
Stage, music & filmMedium confidence
Louis Mercanton and Henri Desfontaines directed this silent feature on Elizabeth I's romance with the Earl of Essex, starring Sarah Bernhardt as the queen and Lou Tellegen as Essex. Its US release on 12 July 1912 was Famous Players Film Company's first.
Notes
Infobox gives two dates: 12 July 1912 for the United States release and August 1912 for France. The US date is stored.
Woody Guthrie was born in Okemah, Oklahoma. He became a singer, songwriter and composer seen as a major figure in folk music, whose songs include This Land Is Your Land, and his Dust Bowl Ballads album made Mojo's list of records that changed the world.
Milton Friedman was born on 31 July 1912 and became an American economist and statistician. He won the 1976 economics Nobel Memorial Prize for research on consumption, money and stabilization policy, and with George Stigler led the Chicago school of economics.
Club Atletico Almirante Brown is founded in San Justo
Sport
Set up on 1 July 1912 as Club Atletico Almirante Brown, the club is based in San Justo, part of La Matanza in Greater Buenos Aires. Football is its best-known activity, alongside tennis, field hockey, futsal and a women's football section.
The station in Taito, Tokyo, opened on 11 July 1912 and is now run by East Japan Railway Company. Its name refers to a valley where many Japanese bush warblers, called uguisu, once lived.
Emperor Meiji, personal name Mutsuhito, died at Meiji Palace in Tokyo at 59. He had reigned since 1867, and his successor was Taishō.
Notes
Wikidata gives 30 July 1912 and also lists 29 July; the infobox, lead and body (death at 10:40 pm) all give 29 July 1912, which is used, though the succession box at the foot of the article gives 30 July. Merged duplicate row 1912-emperor-meiji-dies-ending-the-meiji-period (Emperor Meiji dies, ending the Meiji period). Its notes: Wikidata lists 30 July 1912 for the end of the Meiji government, unsourced. The article states only the year 1912, so the year is stored.
Army officers force out the Ottoman government in a coup
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
A group of army officers calling themselves the Saviour Officers pushed out the government in Constantinople with a military memorandum, aimed at the Committee of Union and Progress. Grand Vizier Said Pasha resigned under pressure, and Ahmed Muhtar Pasha's non-partisan cabinet took over.
Notes
Lead dates the coup to 17 July 1912; the infobox says June-July 1912. Calendar not stated in source (Ottoman Empire used the Rumi calendar). Wikidata gives 17 July 1912.
· Misrata, Tripolitania, Ottoman Empire (now Libya) · Africa
Italian and Ottoman forces fight the Battle of Misrata
War & conflict
On 9 July 1912, in the Italo-Turkish War, Italian troops attacked Misrata, a town the Ottomans used as a key supply base. Italy had planned the attack as early as December 1911, and the result was an Italian victory.
Holland & Holland introduce the .375 H&H Magnum cartridge
TechnologyMedium confidence
The London gunmaker Holland & Holland introduced the .375 H&H Magnum cartridge in August 1912, alongside the .275 H&H Magnum. A belt on the case ensures correct headspace, and the tapered shape suits cordite.
Notes
Lead and infobox give the year 1912; the body places the introduction in August 1912.
The underground station in Valais, close to the border with the canton of Bern, opened on 1 August 1912 as the end of the Jungfrau Railway. The line runs from Kleine Scheidegg through a tunnel inside the Eiger and the Monch.
Notes
Merged duplicate row 1912-the-jungfrau-railway-opens-to-the-jungfraujoch (The Jungfrau Railway opens to the Jungfraujoch). Its notes: Infobox gives open: 1912. The article's timeline gives 21 February 1912 for the breakthrough to the glacier and 1 August 1912 for the inauguration of Jungfraujoch station; the year is stored.
Raoul Wallenberg was born in Lidingö, Sweden. As Sweden's special envoy in Budapest in 1944 he handed out protective passports, and he gave shelter to Jews in buildings he declared Swedish territory. Soviet agents detained him on 17 January 1945, after which he vanished.
The Imperial Russian Air Service becomes its own army branch
War & conflictMedium confidence
The Imperial Russian Air Service stopped being part of the Engineer Corps and became an army branch of its own on 12 August 1912. It operated for five years, and in 1917, after the Russian Revolution, it was reorganised and renamed.
Notes
Calendar not stated in source (Russian Empire); if the date is Old Style, the Gregorian date would be 25 August 1912. Merged duplicate row 1912-08-12-the-imperial-russian-air-service-is-founded (The Imperial Russian Air Service is founded). Its notes: Calendar not stated in source (Russian Empire); if the date is Old Style the Gregorian date would be 25 August 1912. Wikidata also gives 1992-05-07, the creation of the modern Russian armed forces.
French Romantic-era composer Jules Massenet, best known for his operas, wrote more than forty stage works between 1867 and his death. He taught composition at the Paris Conservatoire from 1878 to 1896, and Gustave Charpentier, Ernest Chausson and Reynaldo Hahn were among his pupils.
Notes
Wikidata gives Paris, France as place of death; the excerpt shown does not state it.
Octavia Hill, an English social reformer and one of three founders of the National Trust, died in Marylebone on 13 August 1912. She was a leading force behind social housing and campaigned to keep Hampstead Heath free of building.
German silent film In Nacht und Eis about the Titanic is released
Stage, music & filmMedium confidence
This German silent disaster drama about the sinking of the Titanic came out four months after the sinking, with filming beginning in May 1912. It ran about three times as long as the average film of that year.
Notes
English Wikipedia gives a running time of 35 minutes; French Wikipedia gives 30 minutes for the original and 35 for the restored version, so no exact length is stated. The release day of 17 August 1912 is from the infobox; the body says August 1912 and French Wikipedia also gives 17 August.
The European Rowing Championships are held on Lake Geneva
Sport
The 1912 European Rowing Championships took place at Geneva on Lake Geneva, in five boat classes, with only men competing. The Olympic rowing events had been held in Stockholm a month earlier.
William Booth, an English Methodist preacher, founded the Salvation Army with his wife Catherine and served as its first General from 1878 to 1912. He died aged 83 at his home in Hadley Wood, London.
Erich Honecker was born in Neunkirchen, in the German Empire. A communist politician, he led East Germany from 1971 until a little before the Berlin Wall fell in November 1989, and died in Santiago, Chile, in 1994.
On 4 August 1912, at the Nicaraguan president's recommendation, 100 sailors were sent to Managua to protect Americans and the U.S. legation, as the formal occupation began. It formed part of the Banana Wars, and Marines reinforced the guard on 15 August.
Notes
The infobox splits the occupation into a first period (4 August 1912 to 4 August 1925) and a second (7 May 1926 to 2 January 1933). Wikidata gives an end of 1933-01-01.
· Pasadena, California, United States · North America
Julia Child is born
Lives
Julia Carolyn McWilliams, later Julia Child, was born in Pasadena, California. A chef, author and television personality, she is credited with bringing French cuisine to Americans through her cookbook Mastering the Art of French Cooking.
Aviation pioneer Glenn Luther Martin founded the Glenn L. Martin Company on 16 August 1912. It built aircraft for the US and its allies, merged into Martin Marietta in 1961, and joined Lockheed in 1995 to form Lockheed Martin.
Etienne Arnaud and Herbert Blache directed this Eclair Studios film from a script by Eustace Hale Ball. It briefly superimposes animal images over characters to show whether they are good or evil, and a restored print screened at New York's Museum of Modern Art in 2006.
· St. Landry Parish, Louisiana, United States · North America
Four-year-old Bobby Dunbar vanishes on a fishing trip in Louisiana
Everyday life
Bobby Dunbar disappeared during a family fishing trip to Swayze Lake. After eight months a boy was found in Mississippi with William Cantwell Walters, and the Dunbars claimed him. DNA tests in 2004 showed he was not related to the Dunbar siblings.
Notes
Category set to everyday_life; Wikidata's category (politics_diplomacy) does not fit.
· Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States · North America
Gene Kelly is born
Lives
Gene Kelly was born in Pittsburgh. A dancer, actor, singer, director and choreographer, he co-directed On the Town and Singin' in the Rain with Stanley Donen, and starred in An American in Paris, a Best Picture Oscar winner.
The Tongmenghui, formed in Tokyo in 1905 to overthrow the Qing dynasty, was dissolved in August 1912. It had become a political party that March and formed the core of the Kuomintang, the governing party of the republic.
Notes
The day is disputed. The English, Chinese, Japanese and French infoboxes give 25 August 1912 for the dissolution; Wikidata and the text of Chinese and Japanese Wikipedia give 7 August 1912 for the merger with other groups into the Kuomintang; German Wikipedia says only August 1912. Neither day is clearly better supported, so the month is stored.
A typhoon that formed in the Philippine Sea struck China's coast on 29 August 1912, bringing strong winds and a great deal of rain. Heavy river flooding was reported in Zhejiang. Estimates of the dead run from 50,000 to 220,000.
Notes
Wikidata gives August 1912, with an end date of 1912-09-01. Death estimates differ widely, as the lead notes.
Earthquake strikes the Sea of Marmara near Mürefte
DisastersMedium confidence
The Mürefte earthquake struck the Sea of Marmara on 9 August 1912 at 03:29 local time, and a tsunami followed. Magnitude estimates run from 7.2 to 7.4; one hazard catalogue lists 2,800 dead including tsunami victims, 7,000 injured and 24,700 houses destroyed.
Notes
NOAA UTC date 1912-08-09 01:29; local time 03:29 on 9 August. NOAA magnitude 7.2 (Mw), depth 15 km, deathsTotal 2800 (includes tsunami deaths), 7000 injuries, 24,700 houses destroyed. Wikipedia gives magnitude 7.4 and casualties of 216 to 3,000, and ties the tsunami to undersea landslides. Ottoman Empire at the time.
The Russian Empire's fourth State Duma, with 442 members, was elected in September 1912. Alexander Guchkov led the Union of October 17 and Pavel Milyukov the Kadets; Mikhail Rodzianko was chairman before and after the vote.
Notes
Calendar not stated in source (Russian Empire); only the month is stored.
The football stadium in Rennes, first called Stade de la Route de Lorient, opened in September 1912. Rebuilt in 2001, it is the home of Stade Rennais and later hosted six matches of the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup.
Notes
English Wikipedia gives 15 September 1912 as the inauguration; French Wikipedia says that was the first match and the official inauguration followed on 15 October 1912, so only the month of the first match is stored.
Coleridge-Taylor, a British composer and conductor, was best known for three cantatas based on Longfellow's poem The Song of Hiawatha, the first of which he premiered at 23. After his death, musicians worried that his family had received no royalties from Hiawatha.
Notes
Infobox gives death place as Croydon, Surrey; Wikidata gives London.
The club began on 1 September 1912 at the Cappello Vecchio, formed by merging two local sides, Pro Italia and Pro Monza. Its first win came on 20 September, 2-1 at Triante.
Notes
The English infobox and history section both give 1 September 1912 as the founding day.
Bishop Herman Rabergh inaugurated the church on 1 September 1912. Lars Sonck designed the Lutheran building in the Kallio district in National Romanticism style with Art Nouveau influences, using massive grey granite.
Vrchlický, a Czech lyrical poet born Emil Jakub Frida in Louny, died in Domažlice. His works include the collection Selské ballady and the play Noc na Karlštejně, and he is buried at Slavín.
Notes
Birth name differs between sources: Czech Wikipedia (citing the birth register) and Wikidata give Emil Jakub Frida; the English article's text says Emilius Jakob Frida, also from the register; the English infobox says Emil Bohuslav Frída. The row uses the Czech form. Death on 9 September 1912 in Domažlice agrees across English, Czech and Wikidata.
NAC was created on 19 September 1912 when ADVENDO and NOAD merged. The Dutch football association at first refused to let it play association football, then admitted it to the 2nd Southern Division on 28 October.
Franz Kafka wrote the short story Das Urteil, also translated as The Verdict, in a single sitting that began on 22 September 1912. It concerns a man and his father and how they relate, and appeared in the yearbook Arkadia in 1913.
Notes
English Wikipedia says Kafka wrote it in one sitting on 22 September 1912; French Wikipedia says he wrote through the night of 22 to 23 September, from ten in the evening to six in the morning. Published in Arkadia in 1913, per infobox and body.
The sports association Tulevik is founded in Viljandi
SportMedium confidence
The Sports Association Tulevik was founded in Viljandi on 23 September 1912, with Heinrich Aviksoo among the founders. Football matches began in 1913 on a field beside Lake Viljandi. The club was disbanded in 1940 under Soviet occupation and re-established in 1992.
Notes
Calendar not stated in source; if the date is Old Style, the Gregorian date would be 6 October 1912.
Michelangelo Antonioni was born in Ferrara. He became a film director, screenwriter and editor, best known for L'Avventura, La Notte and L'Eclisse, and also made Blowup in 1966 and The Passenger in 1975. He received an Honorary Oscar in 1995.
The American trick roper Guy Weadick staged a six-day rodeo and festival at a new arena on the Calgary fairgrounds in September 1912. Riders from western Canada, the US and Mexico competed for prizes.
Notes
The Calgary fair itself dates to 1886; the Stampede in its present form dates from 1923.
W. C. Handy, who described the tune as a southern rag, published it himself in September 1912 and copyrighted it that year. Its melody drew on a tune he had heard around 1903 at a dance in Cleveland, Mississippi.
Notes
The infobox gives a separate publication by Theron C. Bennett Co., New York, on 10 November 1913 and a Victor Military Band release in October 1914; the lead gives self-publication in September 1912. Wikidata describes it as a 1913 song. Where Handy self-published it is not stated.
· Los Angeles, California, United States · North America
John Cage is born
LivesMedium confidence
John Cage was born in Los Angeles. A composer, visual artist and writer on music theory, he pioneered indeterminacy in music and the prepared piano. His best-known work, from 1952, has musicians do nothing for the length set by its title.
Notes
Wikidata also gives 5 October 1912 as an alternative; the source gives 5 September 1912.
D. W. Griffith's short film An Unseen Enemy is released
Stage, music & film
D. W. Griffith directed this one-reel silent for the Biograph Company, shot in Fort Lee, New Jersey. It was the first film made starring Lillian Gish and Dorothy Gish, and its closing car chase ran from Little Silver to Oceanport.
El Salvador's coat of arms has been used in its present form since 15 September 1912. Its national motto is Dios, Unión, Libertad, meaning God, Union, Liberty.
Notes
The infobox gives 15 September 1912 as the adoption date and the lead says the arms have been in use in their present form since that day; French Wikipedia gives only the year 1912.
American forces win the Battle of Masaya in Nicaragua
War & conflict
American forces under Smedley Butler rode into Masaya by train, with Butler on a flatcar at the front, and defeated rebels led by Benjamin Zeledon. Zeledon's emissary apologised next day, while the Americans called the attack planned treachery.
Coursework at the William M. Rice Institute began on 23 September 1912, the anniversary of the murder of William Marsh Rice, the man it was named for. Under his will and the charter students paid no tuition, and women were admitted from the start.
Notes
Infobox and body give 23 September 1912 for the start of coursework, matching Wikidata; the lead gives only 1912.
Jean Webster's novel Daddy-Long-Legs is published as a book
Art & literature
The Century Company released the epistolary novel on 28 September 1912, after the Ladies' Home Journal had serialised it from April to September. It follows an orphan, Jerusha 'Judy' Abbott, who goes to college thanks to a benefactor she has never seen.
Notes
Serialised in the Ladies' Home Journal April to September 1912.
Lafaiete Pacheco, a former member of Clube Alagoano de Regatas, founded Clube de Regatas Brasil on 20 September 1912. It is based in Maceió, wears white and red, and counts Centro Sportivo Alagoano as its greatest rival.
Nikkatsu was founded on 10 September 1912 by joining four film companies, among them Yoshizawa Shōten, Yokota Shōkai and Fukuhōdō. Its name combines words meaning 'Japan Motion Pictures'.
Notes
Infobox gives founded 1912; the history section gives 10 September 1912.
Nogi, who commanded the forces that took Port Arthur from the Russians in the Russo-Japanese War, took his own life in Tokyo on the day of Emperor Meiji's funeral. As head of the Peers' School he had mentored the young Hirohito.
Tokuji Hayakawa founds the metal workshop that became Sharp
Economy & tradeMedium confidence
Tokuji Hayakawa founded a metal workshop in Honjō, Tokyo, in 1912. The business became the Japanese electronics company Sharp, which has made kitchen appliances, TV sets, calculators and solar cells.
Notes
Day-level date comes from the infobox (founded: 15 September 1912, Tokyo); the lead and history give only the year. Wikidata gives 1912 (year precision).
· Sidi Bou Othman, near Marrakesh, Morocco · Africa
French forces defeat Ahmed al-Hiba at Sidi Bou Othman
War & conflict
A French column under Colonel Charles Mangin beat the forces of the southern Moroccan leader Ahmed al-Hiba about 40 kilometers north of Marrakesh. Mangin's troops entered Marrakesh three days later.
Italians win the Battle of Sidi Bilal near Zanzur in Libya
War & conflictMedium confidence
During the Italo-Turkish War, Italian forces finally won the fight for the Turkish-Arab stronghold in the Zanzur oasis near Tripoli on 20 September 1912, after an earlier unsuccessful attack from lines about twelve miles away.
Notes
Calendar not stated in source (Ottoman territory). The infobox lists an earlier June 1912 battle in the same series at another site; this row uses the 20 September 1912 battle at Sidi Bilal.
Captain Georgy Brusilov's ship left Alexandrovsk on 10 September 1912 (28 August Old Style), aiming to map a route to the Pacific along the Northern Sea Route. Yerminia Zhdanko, a 22-year-old nurse, was aboard. The expedition vanished, and what became of the vessel and most of its crew remains unknown.
Notes
The English article gives 28 August 1912 for leaving Alexandrovsk without naming the calendar. Russian Wikipedia gives the departure from Alexandrovsk-on-Murman as 10 September 1912, marked New Style, so 28 August is Old Style. Wikidata's 17 September is the New Style date of passing Yugorsky Shar a week later. Two men, Albanov and Konrad, left the ship on foot and survived.
Hodder & Stoughton issued the first book edition of Arthur Conan Doyle's The Lost World in London in October 1912. The adventure follows an expedition led by Professor Challenger to a hidden Amazon plateau where prehistoric animals survive.
Notes
Serial publication began earlier in 1912 (March in US magazines, April in the Strand); month given is the first book edition.
Auguste Beernaert, who headed the Belgian government from October 1884 to March 1894 and won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1909, was taken to hospital in Lucerne in 1912 and died there of pneumonia.
Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece and Montenegro, together the Balkan League, went to war with the Ottoman Empire in October 1912, with Montenegro declaring first on 8 October. The League's armies won rapid success, and the Ottomans lost 83% of their European land.
Notes
The infobox gives 8 October 1912 as the start. The body says Montenegro declared war first on 8 October (25 September Old Style), and Bulgaria, Serbia and Greece followed on 17 October after an ultimatum on 13 October, so the stored day is Montenegro's declaration in the Gregorian calendar. French Wikipedia and the Balkan Wars article also give 8 October 1912.
Schoenberg's Pierrot lunaire is premiered in Berlin
Stage, music & filmMedium confidence
Arnold Schoenberg and the performer Albertine Zehme gave the first performance of Pierrot lunaire in Berlin. A reciter delivers 21 poems by Albert Giraud in Sprechstimme with a small ensemble, in atonal music.
Notes
Kind is publication; the date used is the premiere (16 October 1912, Berlin Choralion-Saal), which English and German Wikipedia agree on. English Wikipedia dates the composition 12 March to 9 July 1912; German Wikipedia gives 2 March to 6 June 1912. English Wikipedia also speaks of forty rehearsals, whereas German Wikipedia mentions 25 rehearsals before the dress rehearsal on 9 October, so the summary gives no rehearsal count.
Albino Luciani, born on 17 October 1912 at Forno di Canale, a village that is today called Canale d'Agordo in Italy's Belluno province, became Pope John Paul I on 26 August 1978. He died 33 days into his papacy.
The Italo-Turkish War ends with the Treaty of Ouchy
War & conflict
The war between Italy and the Ottoman Empire, begun in late September 1911, ended on 18 October 1912 with the Treaty of Ouchy, which gave Italy possession of Libya. Italy agreed to return the Dodecanese, but vague wording let it keep a provisional administration there.
Notes
The date is the end of the war, 18 October 1912, given in the lead and infobox; the article's treaty section says Italy and the Ottoman Empire signed that day at Ouchy, Lausanne, Switzerland, where the Gregorian calendar was in use, and French Wikipedia agrees. Wikidata labels the row Treaty of Lausanne; the article calls the 1912 treaty the Treaty of Ouchy or First Treaty of Lausanne, separate from the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne.
Greece captures the island of Lemnos from the Ottomans
War & conflict
In October 1912 Greek forces took Lemnos, where Greek and Ottoman forces first clashed in the Aegean. A small Ottoman garrison put up little resistance and was taken prisoner, and Mudros Bay became a base for the Greek navy's blockade of the Dardanelles.
Notes
The infobox gives 18-21 October 1912. The full article's calendar templates give the fleet's sailing on 18 October (Gregorian) and the landing on 21 October New Style (8 October Old Style), so the stored dates are Gregorian. Wikidata gives only 1912-10.
· Kardzhali, Ottoman Empire (now Bulgaria) · Europe
Bulgarian troops defeat an Ottoman force at Kardzhali
War & conflict
Bulgaria's Haskovo Detachment beat the Ottoman force under Yaver Pasha at Kircaali, now Kardzhali, in the First Balkan War. The victory attached Kardzhali and the Eastern Rhodopes to Bulgaria for good.
Notes
The article's 21 October 1912 is the Gregorian date: a footnote gives 8 October as the Old Style date, and Bulgarian Wikipedia gives the same pair. The city marks 21 October as its holiday. Wikidata also gives 21 October 1912.
Norwegians voted in a first round on 21 October 1912, followed by a second round between 4 and 11 November. Gunnar Knudsen's Liberal Party and the Labour Democrats, acting as an alliance, won 76 of the 123 Storting seats.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1912-06-11, which the source does not support; the source gives 21 October 1912 for the first round and 4-11 November for the second. The end date is held in date_end.
· Sarantaporo, Ottoman Empire (now Greece) · Europe
Greek army attacks the Ottoman line at Sarantaporo
War & conflict
Crown Prince Constantine's Greeks attacked the Ottoman line at the Sarantaporo pass, the first major clash between the two armies in the First Balkan War. The defenders, who thought the position unbreakable, gave it up overnight for fear of being surrounded.
Notes
The article footnotes that all its dates are Old Style, 13 days behind New Style; its 9-10 October 1912 is therefore 22-23 October 1912 in the Gregorian calendar. French Wikipedia also marks 9-10 October as Julian. Wikidata gives 23 October 1912 as the start (Julian flag set) with start 9 and end 10 October as other values.
Football club later called Békéscsaba 1912 Előre is founded in Hungary
SportMedium confidence
The Hungarian club from Békéscsaba started out in 1912 under the name Előre Munkás Testedző Egyesület, whose first word means Forward. It won the Hungarian Cup in 1988, beating Budapest Honvéd 3–2 in the final.
Notes
Day-level date comes from the infobox (founded: 22 October 1912); the lead gives only the year. Wikidata gives 1912 (year precision, P571 1912-01-01).
· Kumanovo, Ottoman Empire (now North Macedonia) · Europe
Serbia defeats the Ottoman army at the Battle of Kumanovo
War & conflictLow confidence
On 23-24 October 1912, soon after the First Balkan War began, Serbia beat the Ottoman army at Kumanovo in a significant win. Afterwards the Ottoman army left most of the region.
Notes
Serbia and the Ottoman Empire were involved; the article does not say which calendar 23-24 October follows, though Serbian and Russian Wikipedia give the same days. Troop strengths are not used: the infobox gives 132,000 for the Serbs, but the body gives 132,000 for the First Army alone. If the source's date is Old Style (Julian), the Gregorian date would be 5 November 1912.
Strauss's Ariadne auf Naxos is first performed in Stuttgart
Stage, music & film
Max Reinhardt directed the first night of Richard Strauss's Ariadne auf Naxos at Stuttgart on 25 October 1912, with a German text by Hugo von Hofmannsthal. The work sets low commedia dell'arte against high opera seria, a contest between popular and elevated art.
Notes
Original 1912 version; a revised version with a prologue came in 1916.
Ladislas Starevich wrote and directed this Russian short, a comic tale of adultery, hypocrisy and revenge. A cameraman secretly films a married man with a dancer, and the footage later plays in a cinema.
Notes
Calendar not stated in source (Russia); if the date is Old Style, the Gregorian date would be 9 November 1912.
Montenegro's army began besieging Scutari, now Shkodër in Albania, on 28 October 1912 during the First Balkan War. The siege ran until 23 April 1913, and the Great Powers later made the Montenegrins leave the city.
Notes
Siege dated 28 October 1912 to 23 April 1913 in lead and infobox; only the start is stored. Ottoman Empire and Montenegro involved; calendar not stated in source. Wikidata gives the same start date. If the source's date is Old Style (Julian), the Gregorian date would be 10 November 1912.
Tarzan of the Apes first appears in The All-Story magazine
Art & literature
Edgar Rice Burroughs's Tarzan story first appeared in print in the October 1912 issue of the pulp magazine The All-Story. It started a series that Burroughs extended into the 1940s with two dozen sequels.
Notes
Magazine printing dated October 1912; book release June 1914 per lead. Infobox release_date: October 1912.
Harriet Monroe's Poetry magazine publishes its first issue
Art & literature
Harriet Monroe, a poet and critic, founded Poetry: A Magazine of Verse in Chicago because America had no journal just for verse. Her first issue appeared in October 1912, after she raised money in 1911 from a hundred Chicagoans pledging support for five years.
Sidney Olcott's From the Manger to the Cross is first screened
Stage, music & filmMedium confidence
Sidney Olcott directed this American drama about the life of Jesus, filmed on location in Jerusalem, with Gene Gauntier as the Virgin Mary and Robert Henderson-Bland as Jesus. Kalem first showed it in October 1912, to critical acclaim.
Notes
The English infobox gives 3 October 1912 in London and 17 October 1912 in New York, and the lead says Kalem released it in October 1912. French Wikipedia calls 3 October a private London showing and 14 October a private New York showing, with the first public US screening in January or February 1913. The month of the first showings is stored.
The battle of Coyotepe Hill, near Masaya, was part of the US occupation of Nicaragua. Rebels under General Benjamín Zeledón held the old fortress above a strategic railroad line and refused to surrender; Marines under Joseph Pendleton and Smedley Butler won.
Notes
Infobox says 3–4 October 1912; body sentence says 2 to 4 October 1912. Wikidata gives 3 and 4 October.
Alice Guy-Blaché's silent comedy A Fool and His Money is released
Stage, music & filmMedium confidence
The American silent comedy, directed by Alice Guy-Blaché, follows a newly rich man who loses his fortune to a card shark. It may be the first film with an all African-American cast, or one of the first, and it was shown to the public in Los Angeles in July 2018.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1912 (year precision). The infobox gives release 11 October 1912; the lead and body give only the year, and the day could not be confirmed elsewhere.
· Outside the Gilpatrick Hotel, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States · North America
Theodore Roosevelt is shot in Milwaukee
Politics & diplomacy
John Schrank shot the former president outside the Gilpatrick Hotel during Roosevelt's run for the presidency. The bullet hit a steel glasses case and a thick speech manuscript before lodging in his chest, and Roosevelt still gave his speech.
Notes
Wikidata gives the same date; infobox, lead and body agree.
James S. Sherman, the 27th vice president under William Howard Taft, died in office at Utica, New York. He was the seventh vice president to do so, and colleagues nicknamed him Sunny Jim and respected his grasp of parliamentary procedure.
D. W. Griffith's The Musketeers of Pig Alley is released
Stage, music & film
D. W. Griffith directed this short gangster drama, written with Anita Loos and filmed at Fort Lee, New Jersey. The film is credited for early use of follow focus, and the Library of Congress picked it for the National Film Registry in 2016.
Settlers and landowners began a guerrilla war over land in an inland southern area claimed by Paraná, Santa Catarina and Argentina. The rebel caboclos saw it as a holy war, led by a monk named José Maria, who died in 1912.
Notes
Source says the war began in October 1912 and ended August 1916; some historians treat the federal troop deployment of 29 December 1913 as the official start. Wikidata gives 1912 (year).
A group of young people led by Susana Núñez founded the Paraguayan club on 1 October 1912. Based in the Obrero neighbourhood, it is one of the most popular clubs in Paraguay, with Club Olimpia as its main rival.
Total solar eclipse crosses northern South America
Science
On 10 October 1912 the Moon fully covered the Sun along a track over Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil and the far north of Peru. Partial phases could be seen from Antarctica to Southern Africa.
The cable car opened on 27 October 1912. The engineer Augusto Ferreira Ramos had dreamed it up in 1908. One stage runs from Praia Vermelha to Morro da Urca and a second climbs to the Sugarloaf summit.
The first section of Vladivostok's electric tram track, laid as double track, opened on 9 October 1912. By 2010 recession after the Soviet Union's dissolution had led to every line but one being abandoned.
Notes
Calendar not stated in source (Russian Empire in 1912); if the date is Old Style, the Gregorian date would be 22 October 1912.
The Chinese Republic marks its national day for the first time
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
The first observance of Double Ten Day, commemorating the Wuchang Uprising of 10 October 1911, took place on 10 October 1912. The uprising ultimately led to the republic's establishment on 1 January 1912. The day is now celebrated mainly in Taiwan and by many overseas Chinese communities.
· Kirk Kilisse (Kırklareli), Ottoman Empire · Middle East
Bulgaria wins the Battle of Kirk Kilisse
War & conflictMedium confidence
Bulgaria's First and Third Armies beat the Ottoman Eastern Army from 22 to 24 October 1912 and took Lozengrad, also called Kirk Kilisse or Kirklareli. The victory pushed the Ottomans back and opened much of northern Thrace.
Notes
Lead and infobox give 22-24 October 1912, while Wikidata and French Wikipedia give only 24 October, the final day. Bulgarian Wikipedia labels 22-24 October as New Style with 9-11 October as Old Style, so the stored dates are Gregorian.
· Lule Burgas, Ottoman Empire (now Turkey) · Middle East
Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire fight the Battle of Lule Burgas
War & conflictMedium confidence
Between 28 October and 2 November 1912, outnumbered Bulgarian forces made the Ottomans fall back to the Çatalca line, 30 km from Constantinople. No battle of the First Balkan War was bloodier.
Notes
Lead and infobox agree on 28 October to 2 November 1912 (the body has skirmishing begin on 28 October), while French Wikipedia starts the battle on 29 October. Bulgarian Wikipedia labels 28 October to 2 November as New Style with 15-20 October as Old Style, so the stored dates are Gregorian.
Greek troops defeat Ottoman forces at Yenidje, last line before Thessaloniki
War & conflictMedium confidence
Greek forces under Crown Prince Constantine fought the Ottomans at Yenidje, the last line of defence for Thessaloniki. A charge by the 9th Evzone Battalion on the second morning built momentum, the Ottoman western wing collapsed, and the way to Thessaloniki lay open.
Notes
Source dates the battle 19-20 October 1912 (O.S.); 13 days added gives 1-2 November 1912 (Gregorian). Wikidata gives 2 November 1912.
· Prilep, Ottoman Empire (now North Macedonia) · Europe
Serbian and Ottoman armies begin the three-day Battle of Prilep
War & conflictMedium confidence
Serbian troops met Ottoman fire north of Prilep on 3 November, in autumn rain. The clash lasted three days, until the Ottomans were beaten and pulled back, while the ill Crown Prince Alexander directed his army by telephone from Skoplje.
Notes
The start on 3 November 1912 is Gregorian: Bulgarian Wikipedia gives 21-24 October Old Style and converts it to 3-6 November, and Serbian Wikipedia gives 3-6 November. The end date differs between editions (English, Italian and Albanian Wikipedia say 5 November; Bulgarian and Serbian say 6 November), so only the start day is stored.
· Sorovich (now Amyntaio), Ottoman Empire (now Greece) · Europe
The Battle of Sorovich begins between Greek and Ottoman forces
War & conflictMedium confidence
The heavily outnumbered Greek 5th Division was attacked near Zabardeni and fell back to Sorovich. It held against repeated attacks for two days, then was routed at dawn on the last day when Ottoman machine gunners surprised its flank.
Notes
Lead gives 21-24 October 1912 (O.S.), which is 3-6 November in the Gregorian calendar (13 days added). The infobox gives 2-6 November 1912 and Wikidata gives 2 November, so the dates differ by a day. Battle ran to about 6 November (24 October O.S.).
The Battle of Pente Pigadia is fought in the First Balkan War
War & conflictMedium confidence
Greek forces under Lieutenant General Konstantinos Sapountzakis fought Ottoman forces in Epirus. The fighting opened when Ottoman troops struck Greek positions near Anogi; early snow stopped them from mounting a large offensive, and the Greeks kept their positions through a run of small clashes.
Notes
Source gives 22-30 October 1912 (O.S.); 13 days added gives 4-12 November 1912 (Gregorian). Wikidata gives 1912-10-23 as the main date, with other dates 1912-11-02 and 1912-11-03. The lead speaks of six days of holding out although the dates span nine days.
Lysenko, a composer, pianist and conductor who also studied folk music, stood at the centre of Ukrainian musical life. He died in Kyiv, leaving his opera Taras Bulba unstaged in his lifetime.
Notes
The article's footnote says sources using Old Style give his death as 24 October 1912, so 6 November 1912 is the New Style date; Russian Wikipedia gives the same pair.
Spanish prime minister José Canalejas is assassinated in Madrid
Lives
José Canalejas, Prime Minister of Spain since 1910, was shot dead in central Madrid on 12 November 1912 by an anarchist, Manuel Pardiñas. He was looking at books in a bookshop window when he was shot.
Albanian and Serbian forces fight the Battle of Lumë
War & conflictLow confidence
A series of clashes pitted local Albanian forces against the Serbian army in the Luma area. The tribes held out better than others thanks to steep mountains, but the rebellion was suppressed and Serbian military rule followed, with massacres and burned villages.
Notes
Dates 15 November to 5 December 1912 are those of the English lead and infobox, which do not state a calendar (Serbia used the Julian calendar in 1912). Other editions differ: Italian, Albanian and Turkish Wikipedia give 30 October to 6 December 1912 (the Albanian text puts the full-scale attack on the morning of 15 November), and Wikidata gives 6 December 1912. If the English dates are Old Style (Julian), the Gregorian dates would be 28 November to 18 December 1912.
Serbian forces defeat the Ottomans at the Battle of Monastir
War & conflict
Serbian and Ottoman forces fought near Monastir, now Bitola, from 16 to 19 November 1912. Heavy fighting north of the city ended in a Serbian victory, and the routed Ottomans fled.
Notes
Lead and infobox agree on 16 to 19 November 1912, as does Wikidata. The article's date template gives 16 November 1912 as New Style with 3 November as Old Style, so the dates are Gregorian. Region set to Europe because the site is near Bitola in North Macedonia.
· Himara, Ottoman Empire (present-day Albania) · Europe
The Himara revolt against Ottoman forces begins
War & conflict
Greek forces and locals rose up around Himarë, in what is now southern Albania, as part of the First Balkan War. Spyros Spyromilios led the insurgents, and the coast between Sarandë and Vlorë passed to the Hellenic Army.
Notes
Source gives 18 November 1912 (Gregorian) and 5 November (Old Style); the Gregorian date is stored.
Bulgarian torpedo boats attack the Ottoman cruiser Hamidiye off Kaliakra
War & conflict
In the Black Sea, 32 miles off Varna, four Bulgarian torpedo boats, the Drazki, Letyashti, Smeli and Strogi, took on the Ottoman cruiser Hamidiye. Bulgarians usually call the First Balkan War action the Attack of the Drazki and count it a victory.
Notes
The article gives 21 November 1912 without naming the calendar. Bulgarian Wikipedia gives 8 November Old Style and 21 November New Style, so 21 November is Gregorian. Wikidata gives 21 November 1912.
Greek forces land on Lesbos and the Battle of Lesbos begins
War & conflict
Rear Admiral Pavlos Kountouriotis's naval force landed at Mytilene on 21 November 1912, in the First Balkan War, as the Ottoman garrison evacuated. Colonel Apollodoros Syrmakezis led efforts to secure the rest of the island, and the garrison surrendered formally on 21 December.
Notes
Body gives each date in both calendars (21 November 1912 is 8 November Old Style), so the lead's dates are Gregorian.
Greece lands on Chios and fights the Battle of Chios
War & conflict
Colonel Nikolaos Delagrammatikas led the Greek landing on Chios in late November 1912, during the First Balkan War. The Greeks quickly took the coastal plain and Chios town, but the Ottoman garrison withdrew inland. Fighting ended on 3 January 1913, after nearly 350 years of Ottoman rule.
Notes
The article's date templates give 24 November as New Style with 11 November Old Style for the arrival off Chios, and pair 3 January 1913 with 21 December 1912 Old Style for the surrender, so the stored dates are Gregorian. Wikidata gives end 1913-01-03.
Samos declares union with Greece, ending its princely status
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
Samos, a semi-independent tributary of the Ottoman Empire since 1834, fell to Themistoklis Sofoulis and Samian exiles when the First Balkan War began. Its parliament proclaimed union with Greece on 24 November 1912.
Notes
Body gives the declaration as 11/24 November 1912 (Old Style / New Style); Gregorian 24 November stored. Official union dated 2 March 1913 in the source; Wikidata gives only 1912.
On 26 November 1912 the British Army officially made the water-cooled .303 Vickers its standard machine gun. A crew of three operated it, and it stayed in service until the 1960s.
Notes
Wikidata and the infobox give 1912 as design date; the day-level date is the Army's adoption date.
· Merhamli (now Peplos), Ottoman Empire (present-day Greece) · Europe
Bulgarian forces surround an Ottoman detachment at Merhamli
War & conflict
During the First Balkan War, Bulgarian troops under Nikola Genev and Aleksandar Tanev chased an Ottoman force across Western Thrace and surrounded the Kırcaali Detachment near Merhamli. Only a few Ottoman soldiers crossed the Maritsa River; the rest gave up the next day.
Notes
Source gives 14/27 November 1912 (Old Style / New Style); the New Style date is stored. The surrender followed on 28 November.
On 28 November 1912, in the middle of the First Balkan War, the Assembly of Vlorë declared a parliamentary Albanian state. It decided that Albania should be free and independent. The Treaty of London of 30 May 1913 later partitioned much of the claimed land among neighbours.
Notes
Calendar not stated in source (Ottoman territory at the time). Merged duplicate row 1912-11-28-albania-declares-independence-from-the-ottoman-empire (Albania declares independence from the Ottoman Empire). Its notes: Day-level date comes from the infobox; the lead gives only the year. Ottoman territory at the time; calendar not stated in source.
Amisia Meppen began on 29 November 1912. It merged with another Meppen club in February 1920 to form TuS Meppen 1912, and its football branch left in 1921 to form the separate SV Meppen, which has had 11 seasons in the 2. Bundesliga.
Cuba holds a general election and elects Mario García Menocal
Politics & diplomacy
In Cuba's general elections of 1 November 1912, Mario García Menocal took the presidency for the Conjunción Patriótica, an alliance of the National Conservative and National Liberal parties. The alliance also won 26 of the 50 House seats. He followed José Miguel Gómez.
Woodrow Wilson wins the 1912 United States presidential election
Politics & diplomacy
On 5 November 1912 Democrat Woodrow Wilson beat President William Howard Taft, Theodore Roosevelt's Progressive ticket and the Socialist Eugene V. Debs. The Republican split let him carry 40 states with 41.8% of the popular vote.
Notes
Merged duplicate row 1912-11-05-woodrow-wilson-wins-the-1912-us-presidential-election (Woodrow Wilson wins the 1912 US presidential election). Its notes: Election day 5 November per the infobox.
Theodore Roosevelt carries California by 174 votes
Politics & diplomacy
California voted on 5 November 1912, and Theodore Roosevelt took the state by only 174 votes among 677,944 cast. Roosevelt had the Republican line, as incumbent Taft was not on the ballot, yet two electors still voted for Woodrow Wilson.
Voters chose members of the House for the 63rd United States Congress, mostly on 5 November 1912, with Maine and Vermont voting in September. Woodrow Wilson was elected president at the same time, and Republican divisions helped the Democrats.
New York voted on 5 November 1912 and gave its electoral votes to the Democrat Woodrow Wilson. Theodore Roosevelt's Progressive run split the Republican vote, so Wilson won with a plurality of only about 41%. No Democrat had carried the state since Grover Cleveland in 1892.
Pennsylvania votes for Theodore Roosevelt in a four-way race
Politics & diplomacy
Pennsylvania voted on 5 November 1912, and the Progressive Theodore Roosevelt carried it over Wilson, Taft and the Socialist Eugene V. Debs. No candidate outside the Republican Party had won the state since James Buchanan in 1856.
Minnesota votes in the 1912 US presidential election
Politics & diplomacy
Minnesota voters picked 12 presidential electors on 5 November 1912. Progressive candidate Theodore Roosevelt carried the state ahead of Woodrow Wilson, and President Taft came third without carrying a single county.
Vermont votes in the 1912 US presidential election
Politics & diplomacy
Vermont voters chose four presidential electors on 5 November 1912. President Taft carried the state, narrowly ahead of Theodore Roosevelt, while Woodrow Wilson finished a distant third.
Florida votes in the 1912 US presidential election
Politics & diplomacy
Florida voters chose six presidential electors on 5 November 1912, and Woodrow Wilson won every county with an absolute majority. Socialist Eugene Debs finished second, ahead of both halves of the split Republican Party.
Washington state votes in the 1912 US presidential election
Politics & diplomacy
Washington voters chose seven presidential electors on 5 November 1912, and Progressive Theodore Roosevelt won ahead of Woodrow Wilson. It was the first Washington presidential election in which women voted, after a 1910 amendment gave them full suffrage.
Wyoming voted on 5 November 1912, and Woodrow Wilson carried the state with just over a third of the vote, ahead of William Howard Taft. Theodore Roosevelt finished third, though the governor, Joseph M. Carey, was a Progressive.
Oregon voted on 5 November 1912, and Woodrow Wilson won the state, ahead of Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft. He was the first Democratic candidate to win Oregon since Horatio Seymour in 1868.
Maryland voted on 5 November 1912, and Woodrow Wilson won the state, ahead of Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft. A Democrat had not carried Maryland's popular vote since 1892. Garrett County, for the first and only time, did not back the Republican candidate.
Helen Gardner starred as Cleopatra in this American silent drama, directed by Charles L. Gaskill from an 1890 play by Victorien Sardou. It was among the early six-reel features made in the United States, and the 1912 version survives in its entirety.
The Dominican civil war, which began on 5 December 1911 with a rising in the northwest, ended on 30 November 1912. The United States weighed intervention but negotiated a settlement without landing troops. The rebels were nicknamed the Quiquises.
Notes
Wikidata gives November 1912 with an end of 1 November; the article gives 30 November 1912. The war began on 5 December 1911 after Ramón Cáceres was ambushed on 19 November 1911.
The club's official establishment came at a meeting held at Club Arias in November 1912. It belongs to Temperley, a city within Greater Buenos Aires, and hosts boxing, judo, swimming and tennis besides football.
Notes
Body gives the official establishment as 4 November 1912; the infobox gives 1 November 1912. Wikidata gives 1912. Month stored because the two day-level dates differ.
Deportivo Cali is founded as The Cali Football Club
SportMedium confidence
Deportivo Cali was founded on 23 November 1912 under the name The Cali Football Club, by students led by the Lalinde brothers who had returned from Europe. One account in the club's history says a student team already existed in 1908.
Notes
The infobox and Spanish Wikipedia give 23 November 1912 as the founding date and The Cali Football Club as the original name; Wikidata also gives 23 November 1912. The English history section instead says a team formed in 1908 was organised and renamed Deportivo Cali in 1912, which conflicts with the infobox over the name. Title and summary follow the infobox.
The office of prime minister of Mongolia is created
Politics & diplomacy
The Bogd Khanate set up the office of prime minister in November 1912, shortly after Outer Mongolia declared independence from the Manchu Qing dynasty. Tögs-Ochiryn Namnansüren is listed as its first holder, and modern Mongolia counts the office as continuous since then.
Notes
Body says Da Lam Tserenchimed, as interior minister in a provisional government of 1911 to 1912, is sometimes cited as the first holder.
Ahmad Dahlan set up Muhammadiyah in Yogyakarta on 18 November 1912 as a reformist socio-religious movement. Its schools mix religious and secular teaching, and it runs a large chain of charity hospitals.
Notes
Infobox gives formation 18 November 1912; the lead gives the year.
Karşıyaka Sports Club was founded on 1 November 1912. It is İzmir's oldest club and the first Turkish sports club founded in Anatolia, and its fiercest rivalry, with Göztepe, is known as the İzmir Derby.
Notes
Calendar not stated in source (Ottoman Empire); the date may be in another calendar.
· Adrianople (Edirne), Ottoman Empire · Middle East
The siege of Adrianople (Edirne) begins
War & conflictLow confidence
From 3 November 1912, Bulgarian and Serbian forces closed in on the Ottoman fortress city of Edirne, also called Adrianople. Bulgarians dropped special hand grenades from aircraft, and the commander surrendered on 26 March 1913.
Notes
Infobox and lead both give 3 November 1912 for the start; only the start is stored. Wikidata gives the same date. Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria involved; calendar not stated in source. The candidate label is Battle of Adrianople; the article is the Siege of Adrianople (1912–1913). If the source's date is Old Style (Julian), the Gregorian date would be 16 November 1912.
Bulgarian attack is halted at the First Battle of Çatalca
War & conflict
On 17 and 18 November 1912, Bulgarian armies under Radko Dimitriev tried to break the last Turkish defensive line before Constantinople, but high losses made them stop. The Ottomans under Nazım Pasha held, and fighting in the area went on until April 1913.
Notes
The article's date template gives 17 and 18 November 1912 as New Style with 4-5 November as Old Style, in both infobox and lead, so the body's 4 November offensive start is the Old Style date. The 17-18 November dates are Gregorian and match Wikidata.
France and Spain agree to a Spanish protectorate in Morocco
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
By a treaty of 27 November 1912, Spain's zone of influence in Morocco became a formal protectorate, with a northern strip on the Mediterranean and a southern part around Cape Juby. Tangier was left out and given a special international status.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1912-03-30, which the source gives for the French protectorate; the Spanish protectorate is dated 27 November 1912.
The British Isles win back the Davis Cup in Melbourne
SportMedium confidence
In the 11th contest of the series that became the Davis Cup, the British Isles took the Cup from Australasia at the Albert Ground in Melbourne. France rejoined after a six-year break, and the Americans withdrew.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year, with start 1912-07-11 and end 1912-11-30; the final itself is dated 28 to 30 November in the excerpt.
Assembly of Vlore creates the Provisional Government of Albania
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
The Assembly of Vlore created the first government of Albania on 4 December 1912. Ismail Qemali led it as Prime Minister until he resigned on 22 January 1914, and an International Control Commission followed.
Notes
Calendar not stated in source (Albania was Ottoman territory in 1912).
George Darwin, the second son of Charles and Emma Darwin, trained as a barrister before becoming an astronomer. He applied harmonic analysis to the theory of tides, and won the Royal Society's Copley Medal in 1911.
Notes
Wikidata gives Newnham Grange as place; the infobox says Cambridge, England.
Bishop Olof Bergqvist consecrated Kiruna Church on 8 December 1912. Gustaf Wickman designed it, with a Gothic Revival exterior and an Art Nouveau altar, and it is one of the largest wooden buildings in Sweden.
· Driskos, Epirus, Ottoman Empire (present-day Greece) · Europe
The Battle of Driskos begins in the First Balkan War
War & conflictMedium confidence
Greek forces under Dimitrios Matthaiopoulos fought Ottoman forces under Esad Pasha. Greek Redshirt volunteers opened with an attack on the Ottoman defences on Mount Driskos, but Ottoman reinforcements arrived and the Greeks began to withdraw.
Notes
Source gives 26-28 November 1912 (O.S.); 13 days added gives 9-11 December 1912 (Gregorian). Wikidata gives 1912-11-26 to 1912-11-28, the Old Style dates. The end date is held in date_end.
Luitpold ruled Bavaria de facto from 1886, acting as regent for his nephews Ludwig II and Otto, and died of bronchitis in Munich while still regent. In 1912 Georg von Hertling of the Centre Party became minister president, which effectively brought parliamentary government.
The ship Polaris, later Endurance, is launched at Sandefjord
Exploration
The three-masted barquentine Polaris was launched from the Framnæs yard at Sandefjord, Norway, and was arguably the sturdiest wooden vessel yet built, Fram aside. Shackleton bought her in 1914 and renamed her Endurance; she sank in the Weddell Sea in 1915.
Notes
Ship was renamed Endurance by Shackleton after purchase in January 1914. Place from the lead (launched from Sandefjord).
Three Arles clubs merge to form Athletic Club Arlésien
SportMedium confidence
Athletic Club Arlésien began on 19 December 1912 when three local clubs, among them Arles Sports and Arles Auto-Vélo, merged. In 2010 it moved to Avignon as AC Arles-Avignon and reached Ligue 1, but was relegated after one season.
Notes
Infobox gives founded: 1913; the lead and body give 1912 (body: 19 December 1912).
· Korçë, Ottoman Empire (present-day Albania) · Europe
Greek forces capture Korytsa in the First Balkan War
War & conflictMedium confidence
Hellenic forces took Korytsa (Korçë), then in the Ottoman Empire's Manastir Vilayet, on 20 December 1912. Konstantinos Damianos commanded the Greeks against a force led by Djavit Pasha.
Notes
The article and Greek Wikipedia give 20 December 1912 without naming the calendar; the article says it came three days after peace talks began, and the London conference sat from 16 December 1912 (Gregorian), which roughly fits a Gregorian reading. If it were Old Style, the Gregorian date would be 2 January 1913. The First Balkan War article instead says Greek troops entered Korce on 20 November, a conflicting date not settled here.
Paul Gordan, a German mathematician known for his work on invariant theory, died in Erlangen on 21 December 1912. Gordan's lemma and, with Alfred Clebsch, the Clebsch-Gordan coefficients are named after him.
The Hotel Astoria welcomed its first guests on 23 December 1912. The German firm Wayss & Freytag built and ran it, to designs by Fyodor Lidval, for tourists coming to Russia for the Romanov tercentenary in May 1913.
Notes
Calendar not stated in source (Russian Empire); if the date is Old Style, the Gregorian date would be 5 January 1913.
The painter Édouard Detaille, a specialist in carefully detailed military scenes in the French academic style, died in Paris on 23 December 1912. His collection passed to the Army Museum in the city.
Notes
Wikidata and French Wikipedia give 24 December 1912; the English lead and infobox give 23 December 1912, which is stored, so the day is disputed.
Biograph released the silent short The New York Hat on 5 December 1912. D. W. Griffith directed it from a screenplay by Anita Loos, with Mary Pickford, Lionel Barrymore and Lillian Gish in the cast.
Claudia Alta Taylor, later called Lady Bird, was born in Karnack, Texas. She married Lyndon Johnson in 1934, used an inheritance to fund his first congressional campaign, and as First Lady from 1963 to 1969 championed beautifying cities and highways.
· Salt Lake City, Utah, United States · North America
Groundbreaking ceremony is held for the Utah State Capitol
Architecture
The ceremony took place in Salt Lake City on 26 December 1912. Richard K. A. Kletting designed the Neoclassical Revival building, his design chosen by a commission on 13 March 1912 by four votes to three, and construction ran from 1912 to 1916.
The San Francisco Municipal Railway begins operating
Economy & trade
The Municipal Railway began operating on 28 December 1912, the same year the city refused to extend a private operator's Geary Street cable car franchise. Muni soon began a large building program and in 1999 merged with two other agencies into the San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency.
The university in Curitiba was established on 19 December 1912 and began teaching in 1913 as a private body, in an old building on Comendador Araújo street. It is considered the oldest university in Brazil.
China holds its first nationwide National Assembly elections
Politics & diplomacy
Voting to choose the new Republic of China's two-chamber National Assembly, a Senate and a House of Representatives, ran from December 1912 to February 1913. Song Jiaoren led the Kuomintang and Li Yuanhong the Republican Party.
Notes
Voting ran December 1912 to February 1913; the end date is held in date_end. Wikidata gives the year only.
Yomud Turkomans revolt against the Khanate of Khiva
War & conflictMedium confidence
Yomud Turkomans rose against the Khanate of Khiva after tax reforms doubled or tripled what they owed, beginning with an attack on a caravan travelling from Tashauz to Takhta. The war party won out in the Khivan government.
Notes
The source gives the start as 12 December 1912 with 25 December 1912 as the paired date; the Gregorian reading (25 December, matching Wikidata) is stored and 12 December is the other form. Peace agreement dated 25 January 1913 (7 February 1913).
A German team finds the bust of Nefertiti at Amarna
Art & literature
On 6 December 1912 a German team led by Ludwig Borchardt found the painted limestone bust of Nefertiti at Amarna, in the workshop of the sculptor Thutmose. It reached Berlin in 1913 and was handed to its sponsor, James Simon.
Notes
Infobox calls the finders the German Oriental Society; the body calls the funder the German Oriental Company. The bust is believed to date from 1345 BC. The candidate place 'Altes Museum' is a later location, not the find site.
The Greek fleet defeats the Ottoman fleet at the Battle of Elli
War & conflict
Greek and Ottoman fleets fought close to where the Dardanelles opens into the sea on 16 December 1912 during the First Balkan War. The Greeks under Pavlos Kountouriotis won against Ramiz Bey's Ottomans and kept up an on-and-off pursuit afterwards.
Notes
The article's date template gives 16 December 1912 as New Style with 3 December as Old Style (Greece then used the Julian calendar); the First Balkan War article does the same, and Wikidata and French Wikipedia give 16 December 1912. The article's pursuit dates (13 to 26 December) carry no calendar label and are left out.
The 1912 Australasian Championships are played at Hastings, New Zealand
SportMedium confidence
The eighth edition of the event now known as the Australian Open ran on grass courts from 30 December 1912 to 1 January 1913. James Cecil Parke of Ireland won the singles, and slow sea travel limited the Australian entries.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year, with an end date of 1912-01-01; the English article dates the tournament 30 December 1912 to 1 January 1913, and German Wikipedia writes the end as 1 January 1912, which looks like a typo. The end date is held in date_end.
Francis Howard Bickerton of Douglas Mawson's Australasian Antarctic Expedition found the meteorite in a shallow dip in the snow, roughly 20 miles from the Cape Denison base. No meteorite had been found in Antarctica before.
Events we can place in 1912 but not in a particular month.
Europe 99
· Europe
George Bernard Shaw writes the play Pygmalion
Stage, music & filmMedium confidence
Shaw drafted Pygmalion early in 1912 and read it aloud in June to the actress Mrs Patrick Campbell, having created the role of Eliza with her in mind. The play later became the musical and film My Fair Lady.
Notes
Premiere dates (16 October 1913 in Vienna, April 1914 in London) are different events from the 1912 writing. Place of writing not stated in the excerpt.
Thomas Mann's novella Death in Venice is published
Art & literature
Death in Venice appeared in a limited edition from Hyperion-Verlag and was serialised in Die neue Rundschau from October to November. It follows an ennobled writer who becomes obsessed with a boy, Tadzio, among Polish tourists.
Notes
The trade edition by Fischer followed in 1913. Place of publication not stated beyond Germany as the author's country.
France and Italy object to the hosts' rules at Stockholm fencing
SportMedium confidence
Five fencing events were on the Stockholm programme, and because fencing's rules were not yet unified the Swedish hosts chose them. France objected to a rule giving no point for an upper-arm hit and Italy to the épée's length, yet Italian fencers still won a gold and a silver.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1912 (year precision); no day-level dates are given. The text says both countries boycotted the event, but its medal summary and German Wikipedia show Italy winning a gold and a silver (Nadi in the foil), so any boycott was partial; the card states only the objections.
Finland competes separately from Russia at the Stockholm Olympics
SportMedium confidence
Finland, then an autonomous Grand Duchy within the Russian Empire, sent 164 competitors to Stockholm and was able to compete separately from Russia. At the opening ceremony the team is said to have paraded under the insignia flag of a Swedish-speaking women's gymnastics club in Helsinki.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1912 (year precision); no day-level date for the delegation is given. The lead says the team paraded under a Helsinki gymnastics club's flag, while the infobox caption says Finland and Russia both marched under the Russian flag, so the flag detail is disputed.
Great Powers meet in London after the First Balkan War
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
Six Great Powers met at St James's Palace in a conference chaired by Sir Edward Grey, after Balkan League armies had beaten the Ottomans. They aimed to settle territorial gains and decide the future of Albania, which had proclaimed independence.
Notes
Dates differ inside the source: the infobox and one body sentence say the conference started in September 1912, while the lead says it convened in December 1912 and the body says further sessions began on 16 December 1912. Wikidata gives 1912-09. Because the months differ, only the year is stored. The session ended on 23 January 1913.
Marcel Duchamp paints Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2
Art & literatureMedium confidence
Duchamp painted the work in oil on canvas. Fellow Cubists turned it down as too Futurist before the Salon des Indépendants in Paris, and in 1913 it scandalised Americans used to naturalistic art, when it hung at New York's Armory Show.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1912-01 (month); the excerpt supports the year 1912 only.
Bohemia competes at the Olympics for the last time
SportMedium confidence
Bohemia's team marched in Stockholm behind a white flag bearing the arms of the Kingdom of Bohemia, and won no medals. From 1920 Bohemian athletes competed for the new nation of Czechoslovakia.
Japan competes at the Olympic Games for the first time
SportMedium confidence
Japan took part in the Summer Olympics for the first time in 1912, with Yahiko Mishima carrying its flag. Funding was slow to arrive, so Kanō helped found the Japan Amateur Athletic Association that year and became its president.
South Africa's team competes at the Stockholm Olympics
SportMedium confidence
The Union of South Africa sent 21 men to compete in 21 events across 6 sports. McArthur and Gitsham finished first and second in the marathon, and McArthur's time set an Olympic record.
Corrado Gini publishes the paper that introduces the Gini coefficient
Science
The Italian statistician and sociologist Corrado Gini published his coefficient in a 1912 paper titled Variabilita e mutabilita. It measures inequality of income, wealth or consumption within a nation or social group.
Notes
Place not stated in excerpt; Gini is described as Italian.
The Egyptian Olympic Committee counts Stockholm as Egypt's first Games. The official report lists one fencer, Ahmed Hassanein, but it names all fencing entrants regardless of actual participation, and no results for him are known.
Notes
The English article says it cannot be confirmed that the fencer competed; French Wikipedia says he took part in the fencing tournament. Wikidata gives 1912 (year precision).
The Balkan League forms against the Ottoman Empire
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro allied against the Ottoman Empire through a series of separate two-country treaties signed in 1912, with Eleftherios Venizelos as the driving force. Serbia and Bulgaria signed their pact on 13 March, with a secret clause aimed at the Ottomans.
Notes
Source says the League grew from several treaties in 1912; the Serbia-Bulgaria treaty is dated 13 March 1912. Wikidata gives 13 March and also 29 May 1912. Year stored. Calendar not stated in source.
Six Portuguese competitors took part in three sports at Stockholm, and none won a medal. The flag bearer, Francisco Lázaro, collapsed during the marathon and died the next morning.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1912 (year precision). The cause of Lázaro's death is told differently in the lead (electrolyte imbalance), the body (wax used to stop sweating) and French Wikipedia (severe dehydration), so the card gives none.
Professor Ivan Tsvetaev, father of the poet Marina Tsvetaeva, founded the museum, where building work had run from 1898 until early 1912. Its Egyptian hall, drawn from Vladimir Golenishchev's collection, has displayed the same objects since the opening.
Notes
Infobox gives established 1912; Wikidata also holds 31 May 1912 (not in the excerpt). Russia: calendar not stated.
The British suffragette bombing and arson campaign begins
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
The Women's Social and Political Union ran a campaign against infrastructure, government buildings and churches. Five serious incidents in June and July showed it had truly begun, among them a bomb in the Home Secretary's office and a fire at the Theatre Royal in Dublin.
Notes
Source places the campaign's beginning in earnest in June and July 1912 and its halt in August 1914. Wikidata gives 1912 to 1914.
Art competitions join the Olympic Games in Stockholm
Art & literature
Pierre de Coubertin worked to get arts contests onto the schedule at Stockholm in 1912. Such competitions ran at the Games until 1948, with medals for works inspired by sport in architecture, literature, music, painting and sculpture.
Guillaume Apollinaire names Orphism, an offshoot of Cubism
Art & literatureMedium confidence
The French poet Guillaume Apollinaire coined the term Orphism, mentioning it in a talk at the Section d'Or salon. The movement stressed pure abstraction and vivid colour, and Kupka and Robert and Sonia Delaunay led it.
Notes
The source dates the coining of the name and the first public exhibition to 1912; it does not date a founding of the movement itself.
Australia and New Zealand compete as one team, Australasia
SportMedium confidence
The joint Australian and New Zealand squad, named Australasia and numbering 26 athletes, competed at the Stockholm Games, as it had in 1908. Malcolm Champion won gold in the swimming relay, and Anthony Wilding took bronze in indoor tennis singles.
Canada sent 37 men to compete in 30 events across 7 sports, under the Union Jack, with Duncan Gillis carrying the flag. Frank Lukeman, first placed fourth in the pentathlon, was given a bronze in 1913 when Jim Thorpe was disqualified.
Germany sent 185 competitors, 180 men and 5 women, to enter 69 events across 14 sports. German men took the top four places in the 3 metre springboard diving, a second sweep in a row.
Sweden fields a team of 444 as host of the Olympics
SportMedium confidence
Sweden, host of the Stockholm Games, entered 444 competitors, 421 men and 23 women, in 95 events across 16 sports. It was the country's fourth Olympic appearance, after its debut in 1896.
The Blockhusudden lighthouse is set up with a Dalén sun valve
TechnologyMedium confidence
Gustaf Dalén's sun valve shuts off gas automatically in daylight, and it won him the 1912 Nobel Prize in Physics. An AGA lighthouse at Blockhusudden near Stockholm was set up with one in 1912. When it was electrified in 1980, the valve proved to have run nonstop since 1912.
Notes
The year rests on the 1912 Nobel Prize for the valve and the 1912 set-up of the Blockhusudden lighthouse, both stated in the article. When the valve itself was invented is not dated; the 'designed 1912' wording is only a museum photo caption for one specimen.
Russian Empire's team competes at the Stockholm Olympics
SportMedium confidence
The Russian Empire sent 159 competitors to take part in 62 events across 15 sports. No Russian fencer reached the finals, though four sabre fencers got as far as the semifinals.
United States team competes at the Stockholm Olympics
SportMedium confidence
The United States sent 174 competitors to Stockholm, entering 68 events in 11 sports. Sixty-four won medals, counting members of medal-winning teams once, and George Bonhag carried the flag.
The Ottoman Empire competes as Turkey at the Stockholm Olympics
SportMedium confidence
The Ottoman Empire took part under the name Turkey, in its second appearance at the Summer Olympics. Its national committee was the Ottoman National Olympic Society, Ünvan Tayfuroğlu carried the flag, and Mıgırdiç Mıgıryan competed in the discus.
Hungary made its Olympic water polo debut in 1912, and for the first time no Hungarian swimmer won a medal. Hungarian rowers had little success, and Jenő Rittich carried the flag.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1912 (year precision). The lead and infobox give different competitor counts (121 against 119), so no counts are used.
Denmark entered 152 competitors, 151 men and one woman, in 46 events across 13 sports. In the 300 metre free rifle Madsen placed second and Niels Larsen third; those were Denmark's only individual shooting medals.
Great Britain sends 274 competitors to the Stockholm Olympics
SportMedium confidence
The British team numbered 274 competitors, 264 men and 10 women, in 16 sports. The British and Irish squad collected ten golds among 41 medals, third in the standings, and the water polo side won all three matches for its third Olympic gold.
Greece entered 22 male competitors in 25 events across five sports at the Stockholm Games, with Konstantinos Tsiklitiras as flagbearer. A single swimmer represented the country in the pool, and its shooters came home without a medal.
The film trade sets up the British Board of Film Censors
Politics & diplomacy
The film trade created the board in 1912 under the Incorporated Association of Kinematograph Manufacturers, preferring to run its own censorship rather than leave it to government. It began operating on 1 January 1913 and is now the British Board of Film Classification.
Notes
The board began operating on 1 January 1913. Wikidata also lists later dates for related changes (1970, 1982, 1989, 1994).
Serbia sends a small team to the Stockholm Olympics
SportMedium confidence
Serbia sent a very small team to the Stockholm Games, with Dragutin Tomasevic as flagbearer. By 1920 Serbian athletes competed as part of a new joint South Slav kingdom, which was renamed Yugoslavia in 1929.
Notes
Lead says two athletes; infobox field says 3 competitors. Numbers left out of the facts. Serbia used the Julian calendar but only the year is used here.
France sent a team of men and one woman to Stockholm to compete in 13 sports. Paul Colas won two shooting golds, while the water polo side lost to Sweden and then Belgium and was eliminated.
Notes
English Wikipedia gives 119 competitors (118 men, 1 woman) in 66 events; French Wikipedia gives 112 athletes, so the exact count is left out. Wikidata gives 1912 (year precision).
Louis Camille Maillard describes the browning reaction
ScienceMedium confidence
In 1912 the French chemist Louis Camille Maillard published a paper on how amino acids react with sugars when heated, the reaction that now bears his name. It gives seared steaks, fried dumplings, bread and toasted marshmallows their browned flavour.
Notes
Region set to Europe because Maillard is described as a French chemist; where the work was done is not named. The year 1912 is the year of his paper in Comptes rendus. French Wikipedia credits the discovery to Maillard in 1911 (first communication of 27 November 1911, longer memoir in 1913) and says Arthur R. Ling wrote in 1908 that amino acids react with sugars during malting, so priority is not settled.
Norway sends 190 competitors to the Stockholm Olympics
SportMedium confidence
Norway fielded 190 competitors, 188 men and 2 women, in 58 events across 14 sports. Five swimmers and seven tennis players took part, one woman in each group, and Bie's medal was the only one Norway won in athletics.
Bertrand Russell publishes The Problems of Philosophy
Art & literature
Russell wrote the book as a short, accessible guide, asking whether we can prove an external world, cause and effect, or objective morality. He concludes that philosophy cannot answer these questions, so its value must lie elsewhere.
Leonardo Torres Quevedo completes the chess automaton El Ajedrecista
TechnologyMedium confidence
The Spanish engineer Leonardo Torres Quevedo finished his chess-playing automaton in 1912 and first showed it in Valladolid in 1913. It played a simple endgame, white king and rook against black king, with electrical contacts under the board detecting the opponent's moves.
Notes
The lead gives first demonstration in 1913 and an exhibition in Paris in 1914; the body gives completion in 1912.
Iceland sent competitors to the Stockholm Games, entered by the Sports Association of Iceland as its national committee. Olympic historians list its results apart from Denmark's, although Iceland was not yet independent.
Alberto Braglia carried the Italian flag, and Italy's gymnasts won gold in one of the three team competitions. Carlo Bonfanti was Italy's only diver, as in 1908, and two Italian swimmers competed.
Farewell of Slavianka is written and first performed in Tambov
Stage, music & filmMedium confidence
Vasily Agapkin composed the Russian patriotic march Farewell of Slavianka, dedicated to Slavic women whose husbands were leaving for the First Balkan War. It was written and first performed in Tambov in late 1912.
Notes
Late 1912 only; body says published around 1912. Calendar not stated in source (Russian Empire); Old Style possible.
The club began as Swansea Town, the town's first professional football side, and played at the Vetch Field until 2005. It appointed Walter Whittaker as its first professional manager in 1912 and took the name Swansea City in 1970.
Belgium sent five swimmers and twelve fencers to Stockholm, and its water polo side, playing in the Games for the third time, lost to Sweden. The fencing golds were the first Olympic titles won by Belgian fencers.
The Netherlands sends 33 men to the Stockholm Olympics
SportMedium confidence
The Dutch Olympic Committee sent a team of 33 competitors, all men, who took part in 14 events across 7 sports. Just one tennis player represented the Netherlands.
Leipzig and Saxony agree to found a national library for German publications
Art & literatureMedium confidence
Leipzig, the Kingdom of Saxony and the booksellers' association agreed to found a national library in Leipzig. It began collecting German-language publications systematically on 1 January 1913, and its work is now shared between Leipzig and Frankfurt.
Notes
Infobox says established 1912; collecting began 1 January 1913. The Wikidata category (science_discovery) was changed.
The decorative Swallow's Nest castle was built on the Aurora Cliff at Gaspra in 1911 and 1912. Leonid Sherwood designed it in Neo-Gothic style for a Russian noble of German roots, replacing a timber cottage.
Notes
Built 1911 to 1912; opening day not given. Calendar not stated in source.
Chile makes its official Olympic debut in Stockholm
SportMedium confidence
Stockholm was Chile's first official appearance at the Summer Olympics. Fourteen men entered sixteen events across four sports, with Leopoldo Palma carrying the flag. Some sources say Luis Subercaseaux represented Chile in 1896, though this cannot be shown.
Babelsberg, outside Berlin, has produced films since 1912. Deutsche Bioscope bought the site in 1911 and built a studio with a glass roof that depended on daylight. Filming of The Dance of Death by Urban Gad began as early as February 1912.
Notes
Year-level date from infobox and lead; first filming began as early as February 1912 (body).
Giovanni Bertone founded Carrozzeria Bertone in Turin in 1912. It specialised in car styling and coachbuilding, and also built cars. Nuccio Bertone took charge after World War II, and the company went bankrupt in 2014.
Durkheim publishes The Elementary Forms of Religious Life
Religion & philosophy
The French sociologist Émile Durkheim published The Elementary Forms of Religious Life in 1912. The book, written in French, studies religion as a social phenomenon.
The full orchestral score of Mahler's Symphony No. 8 is published
Stage, music & filmMedium confidence
Universal Edition issued the full score of Mahler's Eighth Symphony, a work that calls for huge instrumental and vocal forces. Mahler had conducted the premiere himself in Munich in September 1910.
Notes
Publication year 1912 comes from one body sentence; infobox also says published 1912. Premiere was 12 September 1910.
Clara and Alfred Eugen Ritter found a chocolate factory
Economy & trade
Clara and Alfred Eugen Ritter founded the company in 1912, with a first factory making chocolate and sweets in Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt. The family has owned it ever since, and the headquarters are now in Waldenbuch.
Franz Joseph founds a Hungarian university at Pozsony
Everyday life
Franz Joseph established a Hungarian royal university named for Elisabeth at Pozsony (Bratislava) in 1912. An act of 1921 moved it to Pécs, and the University of Pécs counts it as its official predecessor.
Luxembourg competes at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm
SportMedium confidence
Luxembourg sent a team to Stockholm, its first official showing at the modern Games, although it later emerged that one Luxembourgish athlete had already competed at the 1900 Games.
Notes
The whole article gives no dates within 1912 for the team's events, so the year is stored.
Tolstoy's Hadji Murat is published after his death
Art & literature
Leo Tolstoy wrote the novella Hadji Murat between 1896 and 1904, and it was published after his death in 1912; the complete text appeared only in 1917. Its hero is an Avar rebel commander who allies uneasily with the Russians to win revenge.
Martin Sixt founded the company in 1912 as the first car rental firm in Bavaria. Sixt is now a German mobility provider with locations in more than 100 countries, and the Sixt family owns the majority.
SK Dušanovac, forerunner of FK Voždovac, is formed in Belgrade
SportMedium confidence
SK Dušanovac was formed in Belgrade in 1912, and its president Danilo Stojanović, nicknamed Čika Dača, also coached the team. The club, now FK Voždovac, plays in a stadium that stands on top of a shopping center.
Notes
Calendar not stated in source (Serbia); only the year is used.
Adolf Gygi founded the firm in 1912 as Aargauische Portlandcementfabrik Holderbank-Wildegg. It spread into France, Europe and the Middle East in the 1920s, went public in 1958 and by 2014 was one of the two largest cement makers in the world.
Domowina, the Sorbian umbrella organization, is founded in Hoyerswerda
Everyday lifeMedium confidence
Domowina was founded in Hoyerswerda in 1912. It serves as a political league for Sorbs and Wends and as an umbrella body for Sorbian societies in Lusatia, and is now based in Bautzen.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1912-10-13; the excerpt supports only the year.
Austria competed at the 1912 Olympics in Stockholm, where it made its Olympic debut in water polo. Hans Tronner's fifth place in the discus was its best athletics result of the Games.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1912 (year precision). The lead's counts of competitors do not add up (85 against 76 men and 6 women), so no counts are used.
The Red Cross establishes the Florence Nightingale Medal
Everyday life
The International Committee of the Red Cross established the Florence Nightingale Medal in 1912. It honours nurses and nursing aides for exceptional courage and devotion or for pioneering public health work. It was first awarded in 1920.
The Municipal House in Prague opened in 1912. The Art Nouveau civic building stands beside the Powder Gate on Republic Square and houses Smetana Hall, a concert venue.
Édouard Claparède founds the Rousseau Institute in Geneva
Everyday life
Édouard Claparède created the Rousseau Institute in Geneva in 1912 to turn educational theory into a science. It counts as Europe's first institute of educational sciences at its opening, and it later merged into the University of Geneva.
Karl August Lingner founds the German Hygiene Museum in Dresden
Medicine & epidemics
Karl August Lingner, a Dresden businessman who made hygiene products, founded the German Hygiene Museum in 1912 as a permanent public venue for health education. It followed the first International Hygiene Exhibition of 1911.
The football club was founded in 1912 in Guingamp, in Brittany. It is known for doing well given the small population of its town, and won the Coupe de France in 2009 and 2014, beating Rennes both times.
The Birmingham Triennial Music Festival is held for the last time
Stage, music & film
The Birmingham Triennial Musical Festival, begun in 1784, last took place in 1912, with Henry Wood as principal conductor and The Music Makers commissioned for it. The 1909 and 1912 festivals made a loss, so no money went to the General Hospital.
Waldemar Bonsels publishes The Adventures of Maya the Bee
Art & literature
The German writer Waldemar Bonsels published the children's book in 1912 with Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt in Stuttgart. It follows a young bee named Maya as she grows into a responsible adult member of bee society. A sequel, Heaven Folk, came in 1915.
The league started in 1912 as the Icelandic Championship and is now the top level of Icelandic football, run by the Football Association of Iceland. Harsh winters mean the season normally runs from spring to September.
Cambridge United started in 1912 under the name Abbey United, taken from the Abbey district of Cambridge. The name changed to Cambridge United in 1951, and the club entered the Football League in 1970.
Egon Schiele dated this oil painting 1912. It shows Walburga Neuzil, called Wally, his lover and model. In 2010 the Leopold Museum settled claims by heirs of Lea Bondi Jaray, who said it was Nazi plunder, by agreeing to pay $19 million.
Notes
Year-level date only; the painting's present location is Vienna (Leopold Museum), not necessarily where it was painted, so place is null.
In 1912 the Cardiff Museum Collection was formally handed over as part of Cardiff's bid for the National Museum of Wales, and building began on a new museum in the Cathays Park civic complex. The First World War delayed matters, and the official opening came in 1927.
Notes
English Wikipedia says the museum opened to the public in 1922 and officially in 1927; French Wikipedia says it opened to the public only at the end of 1927, so the public opening is left out. Only the year is stored for the 1912 establishment.
Lesya Ukrainka's play The Forest Song is published
Art & literatureMedium confidence
Lesya Ukrainka wrote The Forest Song as a three-act verse drama, drafting it in the summer of 1911 in Kutaisi, and it appeared in print in 1912. It was first performed on 22 November 1918 at Kyiv's Drama Theater.
Notes
The English infobox gives published: 1912, and Ukrainian Wikipedia's infobox also gives publication in 1912 in the journal Literaturno-naukovyi vistnyk; the English text and French Wikipedia say only that it was written in 1911 and first staged on 22 November 1918.
Josef Gocar designed the cubist building in mid-1911 for the wholesale merchant Frantisek Josef Herbst, with city approval on 4 August 1911. It was fully restored in 2003 and now holds a cafe and the Museum of Czech Cubism.
George Holt Thomas founds the Aircraft Manufacturing Company
Economy & trade
The newspaper proprietor and industrialist George Holt Thomas set up Airco during 1912. Geoffrey de Havilland drew most of its aircraft, and by 1918 it called itself the largest aircraft company in the world.
Newport County was formed in 1912 and started in the Southern League at Somerton Park. It was invited in 1920 to be a founder member of the Football League Third Division, and its nickname The Ironsides came from a local steelworks.
· Kattowitz (now Katowice), German Empire · Europe
World Agudath Israel is founded at Kattowitz
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
Observant Jews who opposed the Zionist movement formed the umbrella group World Agudath Israel in Kattowitz in 1912. The Israeli party Agudat Yisrael grew out of the movement that began in Upper Silesia.
Notes
The 1912 date belongs to the founding of the worldwide movement; the Israeli party is its later offshoot. Infobox gives founded 1912.
Gustav Klimt paints Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer II
Art & literatureMedium confidence
Klimt painted this second portrait of the Vienna socialite Adele Bloch-Bauer, his patron and close friend, in 1912, after finishing an earlier one in 1907. The Nazis stole both from her family; this one went back to her niece Maria Altmann in 2006.
Betrachtung (Contemplation) collects eighteen short stories Kafka wrote between 1904 and 1912. Rowohlt Verlag printed it at the end of 1912 at Kurt Wolff's urging, though the imprint says 1913.
Notes
Lead: printing finished late in 1912 but the book carries the year 1913; infobox: publication 1912.
FC Xamax was founded in Neuchâtel in 1912. Its name comes from Xam, the nickname of the Swiss international Max Abegglen. The club merged with FC Cantonal in 1970 to form Neuchâtel Xamax.
Notes
Infobox gives founded 1906 for the merged club (Cantonal's date); the lead dates FC Xamax itself to 1912. The English lead calls Abegglen a founding member, but his own article gives his birth year as 1902, so the card does not say he founded the club.
The French anarchist Bonnot Gang, active in France and Belgium in 1911 and 1912, robbed with cars and repeating rifles the police lacked. Jules Bonnot died in a shootout with police at Choisy-le-Roi, and a mass trial of the gang ran from 3 to 27 February 1913.
Notes
Year-level date: the source gives activity from 1911 to 1912 and does not state a day for the gang's end.
The Thames Ironworks, a shipyard at Bow Creek, had to shut in 1912 after Hills failed to win new orders from Winston Churchill, First Lord of the Admiralty, in 1911. Its last major warship, HMS Thunderer, was launched in 1911.
Area of Lagodekhi Protected Areas is first protected
Science
The area on the southern slopes of the Caucasus in north-eastern Georgia was first protected in 1912 under the Russian Empire, after campaigning by the Imperial Russian Geographical Society and the geobotanist Nikolai Kuznetsov.
Mykhailo Kotsiubynsky's novel Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors is published
Art & literatureMedium confidence
Kotsiubynsky wrote the novel in 1911 after a stay among the Hutsul people. It tells of Ivan and Marichka, Hutsuls from rival families, whose love ends tragically for both. A ballet followed in 1960 and Sergei Parajanov's film in 1964.
Notes
Year taken from the English infobox field 'published: 1912'; Ukrainian Wikipedia also files the work among Ukrainian novels of 1912 and says an illustrated edition followed in 1913. The lead and French Wikipedia say it was written in 1911 after Kotsiubynsky's stay among the Hutsuls.
Barry AFC, forerunner of Barry Town United, was founded in 1912. At a meeting in a Holton Road pub that November it chose to seek entry to the Southern League. Townspeople then built Jenner Park on land belonging to the Jenner family.
Notes
Meeting of November 1912 is the body's dated step; the 'Town' suffix came after World War II. The article also traces the club's lineage back to 1892 through earlier local teams.
Germany's yearly literature award was first given in 1912, marking the anniversary of Heinrich von Kleist's death, to Hermann Burte and Reinhard Sorge. It was discontinued in 1933 and next awarded in 1985.
Czech followers of Cubism were active around Prague from about 1912 in sculpture, painting, applied arts and architecture. Members included Emil Filla, Bohumil Kubista, Otto Gutfreund, Josef Gocar and Pavel Janak.
Notes
The English lead dates activity to 1912-1914 and the body to 1911-1914; French Wikipedia says the movement was very active from 1911 to the mid-1920s. Only the year 1912 is stored, as an approximate start.
The Daily News, a national daily that Charles Dickens founded in 1846 and edited first, combined with the Morning Leader in London and for a time was titled the Daily News and Leader. It carried on until 1930, when it joined the Daily Chronicle.
Notes
Wikidata treats 1912 as an end; the paper continued under a combined name until 1930.
Eduard Fresenius founds the company that bears his name
Economy & trade
Eduard Fresenius founded the firm in 1912. It is now a German health care company, headquartered at Bad Homburg, with business in dialysis, hospital management and medical care.
Enrico Badò, Amilcare Savojardo and Alfredo Ratti founded Alessandria Foot-Ball Club in the Piedmont city in 1912, with Ratti as first chairman. The team entered the second division for 1912-13 and won promotion at once.
Notes
Body gives 18 February 1912 in a sentence that mixes a match and the foundation, so only the year is used.
A conference decides to create the International Time Bureau
ScienceMedium confidence
An international conference on radiotelegraphic time in 1912 decided to create the International Time Bureau at the Paris Observatory. It combined different measurements of Universal Time and also did research on Earth rotation, reference frames and atomic time.
Notes
The conference of 1912 decided on the bureau's creation; the date it began operating is not given.
A football club was founded in Grosseto, Tuscany, in 1912. Its debut match, played in Orbetello, was lost. Its colours are red and white, its nickname refers to the griffon on its logo, and it was most recently refounded in 2017.
Notes
Lead names the 1912 club Unione Ginnico Sportiva Grossetana; the history section calls it Football Club Grosseto.
The football club later called MFK Zemplín Michalovce is formed
Sport
The club was formed in Michalovce in 1912 as Michalovský FS, and football was first played in the town that summer. It became Nagymihályi AC in 1914, changed names many times afterwards, and has played in the Slovak top flight since 2015-16.
A group of young men from the village of Havelse founded FC Pelikan-Havelse in 1912. The club, nicknamed the Pelikans, is now TSV Havelse and is based in Garbsen, Lower Saxony, near Hanover.
Two brothers first explore the Dan yr Ogof cave system in Wales
Exploration
Edwin and Jeff Morgan, two local brothers, first explored the cave in south Wales with candles and basic equipment. The name means 'beneath the cave', after their farm.
FK Javor Ivanjica was founded in 1912, after a student, Milan Radojević, introduced the first football to Ivanjica that year. The club now competes in Serbia's second division, the Serbian First League.
Notes
Calendar not stated in source (Serbia); only the year is used.
IFK Värnamo was founded in 1912. It is a Swedish professional football club in Värnamo, playing in the Superettan, and its best-known player is Jonas Thern, who captained Sweden at the 1994 World Cup.
Production of the Frommer Stop pistol begins in Budapest
TechnologyMedium confidence
Rudolf Frommer designed the Frommer Stop, a Hungarian semi-automatic pistol made by FÉG in Budapest, and it was produced in various forms from 1912 to 1929. Austria-Hungary adopted it for military service in World War I.
Notes
Infobox gives design date 1911; production from 1912.
The club began in 1912 as Libertas Rimini and became independent as Rimini Football Club four years later. It was refounded in 2010 and again in 2016, and its home ground was the Stadio Romeo Neri.
The Angers stadium now called Stade Raymond Kopa opens
Architecture
The Angers stadium opened in 1912 as Stade Bessonneau. It became Stade Municipal in 1957 and Stade Jean-Bouin in 1968, and since 2017 it has carried the name Raymond Kopa. It is the home ground of Angers SCO.
The Famous Players Film Company, origin of Paramount Pictures, is founded
Economy & tradeLow confidence
Paramount Pictures dates its existence from the founding of the Famous Players Film Company in 1912, the name the company used until 1916. By the middle of 1913 the company had finished five films.
Notes
The lead says Paramount was founded on 8 May 1912, but the body dates the Paramount Pictures Corporation, started by W. W. Hodkinson, to 8 May 1914 and gives only the year 1912 for the Famous Players founding; the Famous Players Film Company article's infobox also gives 8 May 1912. French Wikipedia dates Famous Players to 1913 and Paramount Pictures to 1916. Wikidata gives 1912-05-08. Only the year is stored. The infobox lists Hodkinson, Adolph Zukor and Jesse L. Lasky as founders; which of them started the company in 1912 is not stated.
Supporters of Theodore Roosevelt found the Progressive (Bull Moose) Party
Politics & diplomacy
Backers of the former president formed the party as a separate vehicle for his run after he lost the Republican nomination to William Howard Taft. Roosevelt beat Taft in the election, but both trailed Woodrow Wilson.
The last US Senate elections before direct election are held
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
These elections ran through 1912 and 1913, before the Seventeenth Amendment introduced direct election of all senators. The Democrats won a Senate majority for the first time in two decades, as Woodrow Wilson won the presidency.
Notes
The elections were held on many dates; the infobox lists them from 16 January 1912 to 29 January 1913. Only the year 1912 is stored.
Henning Jakob Henrik Lund, a Greenlandic priest, wrote the words of the Greenlandic anthem in 1912. The words were first sung to the tune of Sweden's anthem; the anthem was adopted officially in 1916, and its own music was composed in 1937.
Wilbur Scoville devises his test for measuring chili heat
ScienceMedium confidence
The American pharmacist Wilbur Scoville's method for rating how spicy chili peppers are dates from 1912. The original test rests on the judgment of people experienced at eating hot chilis, and the scale is built on the concentration of capsaicinoids, chiefly capsaicin.
Notes
Region set to North America because the source calls Scoville an American pharmacist; the source does not name where the test was made.
Jack London's The Scarlet Plague is first published
Art & literatureMedium confidence
Jack London's post-apocalyptic novel The Scarlet Plague first appeared in print in 1912. He had written it in 1910.
Notes
English Wikipedia says it was first serialised in the May-June 1912 issue of The London Magazine; French Wikipedia gives a 1912 Macmillan edition in New York as the original publication, while English Wikipedia dates the Macmillan book to 1915. The month and place of first publication are not settled, so only the year is stored. The region follows the work's country of origin (the United States, per the English infobox and Wikidata), not the London base of the magazine.
The Toledo Museum of Art moves into its Greek Revival building
ArchitectureMedium confidence
The glassmaker Edward Drummond Libbey founded the Toledo Museum of Art in 1901, and in 1912 it moved into its present Greek Revival building in Toledo, Ohio. Edward B. Green and Harry W. Wachter were the architects, and the main building was enlarged in the 1920s and 1930s.
Notes
Infobox gives established 1901; 1912 is the move to the current building.
· Pacific Palisades, Los Angeles, United States · North America
Thomas Ince builds the Inceville studios
Stage, music & filmMedium confidence
In 1912 the director Thomas H. Ince built his Inceville studios at Pacific Palisades, Los Angeles. The present Sony Pictures complex on the Culver City lot gives 1912 as its opening date; Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer was based there from 1924 to 1986.
Notes
The Inceville studios were in Pacific Palisades; the present Culver City complex is a later site.
The Victoria Memorial Museum Building in Ottawa opens to the public
ArchitectureMedium confidence
Ottawa's Victoria Memorial building welcomed the public only in 1912. The federal government had authorised it in 1901 in honour of Queen Victoria, and building ran from 1905 to 1911. The museum grew from a collection the Geological Survey of Canada began in 1856.
Notes
Infobox gives established 1856 for the museum. The lead says the museum moved into the building in 1911; the body says the building was completed in 1910 and also that construction ran to 1911. The 1912 date is the public opening of the building.
· Santa Ana, California, United States · North America
John Simon Fluor founds Fluor Construction Company
Economy & trade
Health reasons took John Simon Fluor to Santa Ana, California, where he began the company in his garage. It grew by building refineries and pipelines, later working on the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System.
Shell USA began in 1912 and is now the wholly owned United States subsidiary of the British company Shell plc, headquartered in Houston, Texas. It was called Shell Oil Company until 2022.
Notes
Infobox gives founded 1912 (U.S.); Wikidata lists the Netherlands as place.
Institute of Radio Engineers is founded in New York City
Economy & trade
The institute was established in 1912 after several earlier attempts to organise wireless practitioners had failed between 1908 and 1912. In 1913 it launched the Proceedings of the IRE, and on 1 January 1963 it combined with the American Institute of Electrical Engineers to create the IEEE.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1912-05-13; the source gives the year 1912.
· Wilmington, Delaware, United States · North America
Wilmington Society of the Fine Arts, forerunner of the Delaware Art Museum, begins
Art & literature
The society began in 1912 to honour the artist Howard Pyle, who died unexpectedly in 1911 in Italy. His widow, Anne, sold it a founding collection of his paintings, drawings and prints, and it had no permanent home until 1922.
· Wilmington, Delaware, United States · North America
Hercules Powder Company is incorporated
Economy & trade
Hercules arose after a US court broke up the DuPont explosives monopoly in 1911, leaving two successor firms, both formed in 1912: Atlas and Hercules. Hercules received the patents for double-base gunpowders.
Nicaragua's first national currency, the peso, divided into 100 centavos, served from 1878 to 1912. Repeated devaluations led to its replacement by the córdoba.
Notes
Wikidata gives an end of 1912-01-01; the source supports the year only.
The Blueshirts played professional ice hockey in Toronto in the National Hockey Association, beginning operations in 1912 and playing their first game on 25 December 1912 at Arena Gardens. They won the Stanley Cup in 1914.
Notes
Per the lead the club's founding dates to 1911 and its operations to 1912; 1912 is stored.
A version of Itsy Bitsy Spider is reported in Indiana
Stage, music & filmMedium confidence
In 1912 a version of the Itsy Bitsy Spider rhyme resembling the modern one was reported from a college commencement in Indiana. The rhyme is a fingerplay about a spider climbing a downspout, known to British listeners as Incy Wincy Spider.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1912-02 and also lists 1909-04-16. The excerpt supports only a 1912 report of a similar version.
Cuba's top football division was founded in 1912, and its first season was played the same year. It has no promotion or relegation, each club represents a Cuban province, and the Clausura tournament decides the champion.
The University of Colorado opens an extension center in Denver
Everyday life
The Denver school began in 1912 as an outpost of the University of Colorado Boulder, called the Extension Center of the Department of Correspondence and Extension. It became independent with university status in 1973 and shares the Auraria Campus with two other colleges.
· Alcorta, Santa Fe Province, Argentina · South America
Farm workers rise in the Cry of Alcorta in Argentina
War & conflictMedium confidence
In 1912 farm workers in Alcorta, mostly immigrants from Spain or Italy, rebelled in the south of Santa Fe Province, demanding better working conditions and contracts. The protest met its goals, and the Federacion Agraria Argentina was established on 15 August.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1912-08; the source states the year 1912 and the federation's founding on 15 August, without giving the rebellion's start date.
Tibet begins governing itself after the Qing collapse
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
From the fall of the Qing in 1912 until China annexed it in 1951, Tibet governed itself in practice. Qing officials in Lhasa had been forced to sign the Three Point Agreement, surrendering and leaving central Tibet.
Notes
The infobox lists a declaration of independence (4 April, year not shown) and an event on 12 August 1912; the Dalai Lama's proclamation is described after his return to Lhasa in 1913. Only the year is stored.
In 1912 the new Republican government's Bank of China replaced the Qing dynasty's Da-Qing Bank, which had been established in 1905. Chen Jintao reorganised the old bank and is viewed as the founder of the Bank of China.
Notes
Infobox gives three founding dates: 1905 for the Da-Qing Bank, 1912 for the Bank of China, and 1979 for its re-establishment.
Building work on the current Mysore Palace, the Wadiyar royal residence in Karnataka, ended in 1912. Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV had commissioned it in August 1897 after a fire destroyed the earlier palace; its design is attributed to Henry Irwin, in the Indo-Saracenic style.
The East Timorese rebellion against Portuguese rule ends
War & conflictMedium confidence
Dom Boaventura of Manufahi led an alliance of kingdoms against Portuguese efforts to collect a head tax and force unpaid labour. Portugal brought in soldiers from Mozambique and a gunboat from Macau, and thousands of Timorese were killed or wounded.
Notes
Wikidata gives an end date of 1912-01-01, which the excerpt does not support; the revolt began in October 1911 and fighting continued through 1912. Only the year is stored.
Japanese naval aviation traces its origins to 1912
War & conflictMedium confidence
Japanese naval aviation dates its origins to 1912 and the Commission on Naval Aeronautical Research. Two newly trained naval aviators returned at the end of 1912 and made the first flights at Oppama, one in a Curtiss seaplane and one in a Maurice Farman.
Indische Partij is founded in the Dutch East Indies
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
E. F. E. Douwes Dekker, Tjipto Mangoenkoesoemo and Soewardi Soerjaningrat founded the party, one of the first organisations to pioneer Indonesian nationalism. Governor-General Idenburg refused it legal status in March 1913, and its leaders dissolved it that month.
Notes
Infobox gives 25 December 1912 as the founding date; the body says a committee under Dekker formed the party at Bandung on 6 September 1912 and that leaders sought recognition on 25 December 1912. Only the year is stored.
Kokand forms Muskomanda, its first local football team
SportMedium confidence
In 1912 Kokand formed its first football team made up of local residents, called Muskomanda, meaning the Muslim team. The club that descends from it, FC Kokand 1912, is described as the oldest football club in Central Asia.
The Musashino Railway was founded in 1912 to run what is now the Seibu Ikebukuro Line. It merged with the earlier Seibu Railway in 1945 to create the current company; Seibu is short for west Musashi, the historic name of the area.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1912-05-07 and 1894-12-21 for Seibu Railway; the infobox says founded 21 December 1894. The 1912 date applies to the Musashino Railway, a predecessor.
Work began in 1912 on the state mosque of Kedah, in Alor Setar in British Malaya. Its design blends Islamic and Indo-Saracenic Revival styles, and it is counted among Malaysia's grandest and oldest mosques.
Notes
The lead says the mosque was built in 1912, while the infobox gives groundbreaking in 1912 and completion in 1915, and a category says it was completed in 1912. The year is stored as the start of building.
Dealers tell a German sinologist of the Yixian luohans
Art & literatureMedium confidence
In 1912 Chinese dealers reportedly described the Yixian luohans, life-size glazed pottery figures of Buddhist arhats, to the German sinologist Friedrich Perzynski. He bought some and sent them to Europe; two were shown in Paris in 1913.
Notes
Lead says only 'early 20th century' for the find; 1912 is when dealers told Perzynski. The Hermitage fragment was found in 2001.
Republic of China's Ministry of Education is formed
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
The cabinet-level ministry for education policy of the Republic of China was created in 1912, when the government now based in Taiwan was formed in mainland China.
Notes
The body ties the ministry to the formation of the Republic of China in 1912. The infobox formation list gives January 1912 and Beijing, which the text does not confirm, so only the year is stored; it also lists 1905 (Qing), 1928 (Nanjing), 1948 and 1950 (Taipei).
School of Industrial Instruction, forerunner of National Taipei University of Technology, is founded
Science
Opened in 1912 under the name School of Industrial Instruction, the institution is now a public university in Taipei's Daan district, part of the University System of Taipei alongside National Taipei University.
Henan's preparatory school for study in Europe and America, forerunner of Henan University, is founded
ScienceMedium confidence
Henan University's earliest predecessor was founded in 1912 as Henan's preparatory school for study in Europe and America. Today it is a provincial public university with campuses in Kaifeng and Zhengzhou.
Azerbaijan State Philharmonic Hall in Baku is completed
ArchitectureMedium confidence
The city elite asked for the hall, which the architect Gabriel Ter-Mikelov designed and builders worked on from 1910 to 1912. Its exterior is Italian Renaissance and its interior German Rococo, and it reopened in 2004 after renovation.
Notes
Year from the infobox (opened: 1912) and the 1910-1912 construction span.
Jewish students from Petah Tikva, then studying in Constantinople, founded the football club in 1912. Many founders later served in the Ottoman army in World War I. Only Maccabi Tel Aviv is an older Jewish football club in Israel.
· Yeşilköy, Istanbul, Ottoman Empire · Middle East
An airfield is built at Yeşilköy, later Istanbul's main airport
ArchitectureMedium confidence
Ottoman military authorities had a small apron and two hangars put up at Yeşilköy. The site later became Istanbul's main international airport and the hub of Turkish Airlines.
Notes
Infobox gives built 1912 (as airfield); a body sentence gives 1911 for the small apron with two hangars. Infobox gives opened 1 August 1953 as an airport. Calendar not stated in source (Ottoman Empire).
The present Al-Rifa'i Mosque in Citadel Square was built in two phases between 1869 and 1912, when it was finished. Hussein Fahmi Pasha and Max Herz designed it in Neo-Mamluk style, and it holds the tombs of Muhammad Ali's royal family.
The municipality planned part of the outer garden beside Topkapı Palace as a park, and it opened to the public in 1912. It lies in Istanbul's Fatih district and counts as the city's oldest public park and one of its largest.
Notes
Calendar not stated in source (Ottoman Empire); only the year is used.
In 1912, with Burundi part of German East Africa, German planners laid out modern Gitega on the central plateau. It was the royal capital until the kingdom was abolished in 1966, and a parliamentary vote on 16 January 2019 made it the political capital again.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1912 (year precision); the date rests on one body sentence.
Bungalow later known as the Karen Blixen house is built near Nairobi
ArchitectureMedium confidence
The Swedish engineer Ake Sjogren built the bungalow in 1912 in what was then British East Africa. Karen Blixen and her husband Bror von Blixen-Finecke bought the house and land in 1917 to run a coffee plantation.
Notes
Wikidata's 1912 refers to the house; the infobox gives 1986 as the year the museum was established.
The Army of Africa begins garrisoning Spanish Morocco
War & conflictMedium confidence
From 1912 until Moroccan independence in 1956 the Army of Africa, also called the Army of Spanish Morocco, garrisoned the Spanish zone from a base at Tetouan. A Native Police force of Moroccan personnel, created after the 1909-10 Melilla campaign, became the basis of the Regulares, set up in 1911.
Notes
The infobox gives 1912 as the start of the army's garrison role. The article body also traces the army's origin as a permanent body to 1893, when the 1st African Infantry Regiment was set up, so the origin depends on definition; the row stores the start of the Morocco garrison. French Wikipedia says the Regulares were created in 1911. Candidate category was exploration; changed to war_conflict as a military formation.
Wilfrid Voynich buys the manuscript that bears his name
Art & literatureMedium confidence
The Polish book dealer Wilfrid Voynich bought a handwritten, illustrated codex in 1912. Its script, called Voynichese, remains undeciphered, and carbon dating places the vellum between 1404 and 1438.
Notes
Wikidata lists this as a 1912 publication; the article instead dates Voynich's purchase to 1912, which is the happening described here. Place and region of the purchase are not given in the excerpt, so region is set to Global.
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