In 1919 the winning powers met in Paris. The peace conference opened on 18 January and created the League of Nations, and on 28 June Germany signed the Treaty of Versailles, five years to the day after Archduke Franz Ferdinand was shot. It was also a year of protest against foreign rule: on 1 March Koreans in Seoul read out a declaration of independence; in March Egyptians rose after Britain sent Saad Zaghloul to Malta; and in May students in Beijing protested the decision to let Japan keep the former German territories in Shandong. In April, at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar, British Indian troops fired on a crowd that had gathered for the Baisakhi fair. Ireland's breakaway parliament declared independence in January, Greek forces landed at Smyrna in May, and violence broke out in Berlin, Buenos Aires and Chicago. In June Alcock and Brown flew non-stop across the Atlantic, and photographs of a solar eclipse in May backed Einstein's theory by showing that the Sun bends starlight.
This page lists all 499 events in our records for 1919: 341 dated to the day, 126 from outside Europe and North America. The biggest come first, then every event month by month, grouped by region.
How sure we are: events with no label are high confidence. Medium confidence means the event rests on one source family or a detail is uncertain; Low confidence means the sources disagree or are thin, and the notes say where. Dates are in the Gregorian calendar; where a country still used another calendar, the notes give the original. How events are checked
The biggest stories of 1919
Ranked by how widely known each event is today, one card per happening, at least a third from outside Europe and North America.
Politics & diplomacyWidely known
Treaty of Versailles is signed between Germany and the Allies
· Versailles, France · Europe
The treaty signed at the Palace of Versailles formally ended war between Germany and most of its enemies. Germany, kept out of the talks, had to disarm, cede territory and pay reparations, and its Article 231, blaming Germany and its allies for the losses, earned the name War Guilt clause.
Why it is interesting. The treaty was signed on the fifth anniversary of Archduke Franz Ferdinand's assassination.
British Indian troops fire on a crowd at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar
· Amritsar, Punjab, British India · Asia
Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer surrounded a crowd gathered for the Baisakhi fair and ordered his troops to fire as people tried to flee through the garden's single usable exit. Estimates of the dead range from 379 to 1,500 or more.
Why it is interesting. Dyer's troops blocked the only exit from the enclosed garden before opening fire.
Notes and dating details
Casualty estimates differ within the source: infobox gives 379–700 killed, lead gives 379 to 1,500 or more.
Diplomats from 32 countries and nationalities took part, though Britain, France, the United States and Italy dominated, and the defeated states had no voice. The conference created the League of Nations and produced five peace treaties.
Why it is interesting. Wilson had about 150 academics research the peace terms before the conference began.
Notes and dating details
Wikidata gives only 1919 with start 1919-01-18. Treaties: Versailles 28 June 1919, Saint-Germain 10 September 1919, Neuilly 27 November 1919, Trianon 4 June 1920, Sèvres 10 August 1920.
Irish War of Independence begins with the first Dail and the Soloheadbeg ambush
· Ireland · Europe
On 21 January 1919 Sinn Fein members formed a breakaway parliament, the Dail Eireann, and declared Irish independence. That same day IRA volunteers, acting on their own initiative, killed two RIC officers at Soloheadbeg.
Why it is interesting. On the day the Dail declared independence, IRA volunteers acting on their own initiative killed two police officers at Soloheadbeg.
Notes and dating details
Infobox gives the war as 21 January 1919 to 11 July 1921.
Greek landing at Smyrna begins the Greco-Turkish War
· Smyrna (İzmir), Anatolia · Middle East
Greece and the Turkish National Movement fought as the Ottoman Empire was carved up after the First World War. It began when Greek forces landed at Smyrna, now Izmir. The Greek front collapsed in August 1922, and Smyrna was retaken amid a great fire.
Why it is interesting. Greek forces landed at Smyrna, and the fighting there spread inland across western Anatolia.
Notes and dating details
Greek Wikipedia dates the landing at Smyrna to 15 May 1919 and marks 2 May as the Old Style date, so 15 May is the Gregorian date. Part of the Turkish War of Independence. Lead and infobox both give the war as ending 14 October 1922.
On 4 May 1919 students gathered at Tiananmen, angry at the government's feeble reaction to the Versailles decision letting Japan keep former German territories in Shandong. The demonstrations sparked nationwide protests and a surge of Chinese nationalism.
Why it is interesting. Protests about a faraway peace treaty in Paris grew into a nationwide movement that shaped twentieth-century China.
Supporters of Friedrich Ebert's provisional government fought Communists led by Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg, who wanted a council republic. Roughly 150 to 200 people died, mostly insurgents, and Liebknecht and Luxemburg were executed without trial on 15 January.
Why it is interesting. Crushing the revolt let elections for the National Assembly go ahead on 19 January 1919, and that assembly drafted the Weimar Constitution.
Notes and dating details
Wikidata gives only 1919-01 with 5 and 12 January as start and end.
Medium confidence: rests on one source family, or a detail is uncertain.
The war was fought mainly between the Second Polish Republic and Soviet Russia after the First World War. Lenin saw independent Poland as a route for spreading revolution, while Polish leaders wanted the borders of 1772 restored. A ceasefire took effect on 18 October 1920.
Why it is interesting. Poland's victory at the Battle of Warsaw in August 1920 is called the Miracle on the Vistula.
Notes and dating details
Lead gives 14 February 1919 as the start; infobox gives '1918/1919'. Wikidata gives only 1919-02. Ending year is variously given as 1920 or 1921: ceasefire 18 October 1920, Peace of Riga 18 March 1921.
Alcock and Brown make the first non-stop transatlantic flight
· St. John's, Newfoundland, to Clifden, Ireland · At sea
John Alcock and Arthur Brown, British aviators, crossed in a Vickers Vimy, a First World War bomber they had modified, from Lester's Field to Clifden, County Galway, and won the Daily Mail's 10,000 pound prize. Almost 200 letters went along. King George V knighted both a week later.
Why it is interesting. Almost 200 letters rode along, making this the earliest airmail across the Atlantic.
Notes and dating details
Took off about 1:45 pm on 14 June 1919 and landed at 8:40 am on 15 June 1919; date_end is the landing day.
Medium confidence: rests on one source family, or a detail is uncertain.
The Turkish National Movement fought campaigns and a revolution once the defeated Ottoman Empire had been occupied and divided up. A Greek force occupying Smyrna inflamed sectarian tensions and began the war. The revolution ended the sultanate and caliphate and established the Republic of Turkey.
Why it is interesting. The sultan sent Mustafa Kemal to restore order, yet he became leader of the nationalist resistance.
Notes and dating details
Lead and infobox give 15 May 1919 as the start, the day of the Greek landing at Smyrna; Greek Wikipedia marks 2 May as the Old Style date of that landing, so 15 May is Gregorian. Wikidata gives 1919-05-19; the four-day gap is a different choice of starting event, not a calendar shift. End given as 24 July 1923 in the lead and 11 October 1922 in the infobox.
March First Movement protests begin against Japanese rule in Korea
· Seoul, Korea under Japanese rule · Asia
The protests started in Seoul, where the Korean Declaration of Independence was read aloud in public, and spread across Korea and among Korean communities abroad. They were largely peaceful but often put down with violence. The movement led to the Korean Provisional Government.
Why it is interesting. Largely peaceful protests that began with a reading of Korea's Declaration of Independence inspired the May Fourth Movement in China.
Notes and dating details
Protests were concentrated in March and April 1919, with related protests until 1921. Casualty and participation figures are uncertain in the source.
Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye is signed with Austria
· Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France · Europe
The victorious Allies signed the treaty with the Republic of German-Austria in the chateau at Saint-Germain-en-Laye. South Tyrol and Trentino went to Italy, and Austrian Silesia was divided between Czech and Polish parts.
Why it is interesting. Austria's delegation arrived in May 1919 to find itself excluded from the negotiations.
After the Reds briefly held Yuzivka, Luhansk, Debaltseve and Mariupol in March 1919, White forces under Vladimir May-Mayevsky drove them out and went on toward Kharkiv, Katerynoslav and Crimea.
Notes
The lead gives January to May 1919 and says the battle ended at the beginning of June; the infobox gives 12 January - 31 May 1919, but the text never dates a 12 January event. Wikidata gives May 1919. Months are stored.
Estonian and Finnish troops take Laagna from the Red Army
War & conflictMedium confidence
A marine battalion from Estonia and four Finnish volunteer companies surprised the Red Army at Laagna in the morning and drove it out. Armoured-train counterattacks were beaten back with heavy Soviet losses.
Notes
Dates differ: the infobox and Wikidata give 18 January 1919, while the lead gives 17 January 1919. Month stored. The infobox result is an Estonian victory.
Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia is proclaimed
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
Authorities of the Western Oblast proclaimed the republic on 1 January 1919, claiming several governorates including Smolensk, Minsk and Vilna. It was dissolved by mid-February 1919.
Notes
The lead says the republic existed from the end of December 1918, while the body gives the proclamation as 1 January 1919. Wikidata gives 1919-01-01 as start and 1919-02-27 as end; the source says mid-February.
The Greens, who wanted to keep Montenegrin statehood, rose against the Podgorica Assembly's vote to unify with Serbia. The revolt peaked at Cetinje on 7 January 1919 and was defeated by Serbian-backed Unionist Whites.
Notes
The infobox gives 2 to 7 January 1919, with Old Style equivalents of 20 to 25 December 1918; date_end is the Cetinje climax on 7 January. Wikidata gives 6 January 1919. The body dates the first unrest at Virpazar to 3 January and fighting in Cetinje to 6 January, while the lead puts the climax on 7 January. Montenegro and Serbia were still on the Julian calendar until late January 1919, and the source gives both forms.
Red Army takes Kharkiv as the Soviet invasion of Ukraine begins
War & conflictMedium confidence
The Ukrainian Front of the Red Army opened a major offensive against the Ukrainian People's Republic in early January 1919, and Red troops occupied Kyiv on 5 February.
Notes
The infobox gives 2 January - 31 August 1919; the lead says the offensive opened early in January 1919, when Kharkiv was taken. French Wikipedia gives 7 January - 16 June 1919, and Wikidata gives 16 June 1919, which matches the French end date.
Emir Faisal and Chaim Weizmann, head of the Zionist Organization, signed on 3 January 1919, two weeks before the Paris Peace Conference opened. Faisal could not read English, so T. E. Lawrence translated the text for him.
Notes
Signed at the Carlton Hotel. Faisal was the third son of Hussein ibn Ali, King of the Kingdom of Hejaz.
The former German chancellor, a Catholic Centre Party man who had been Bavaria's foreign minister and minister president, died at Ruhpolding on 4 January 1919. He was chancellor and Prussian premier from November 1917 to September 1918.
Supporters of Friedrich Ebert's provisional government fought Communists led by Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg, who wanted a council republic. Roughly 150 to 200 people died, mostly insurgents, and Liebknecht and Luxemburg were executed without trial on 15 January.
Notes
Wikidata gives only 1919-01 with 5 and 12 January as start and end.
Anton Drexler founds the German Workers' Party in Munich
Politics & diplomacy
Anton Drexler founded the party in a Munich hotel with three others, including Gottfried Feder, and was elected chairman. It was an obscure far-right party and the forerunner of the Nazi Party.
Notes
The party met at the Fürstenfelder Hof hotel. Wikidata gives 1919-01-05.
Battles for Vilnius end as Poles retreat before the Red Army
War & conflict
Polish-aligned defenders fought German troops and Bolshevik paramilitaries in Vilnius from 31 December, then the Red Army on 4 and 5 January. They briefly held most of the city before retreating.
Notes
Fighting began 31 December 1918; this row marks the end date, 5 January 1919, which matches Wikidata.
The brief state for the Hutsuls was declared on 8 January 1919, after plans to join the West Ukrainian People's Republic failed. Romanian troops occupied its claimed territory on 11 June 1919, ending the state.
Notes
Infobox gives 8 January to 11 June 1919. Wikidata gives dissolution as 1919-07-11; the article says Romanian troops occupied the territory on 11 June 1919.
The Bremen Soviet Republic, which no government recognised, was formally declared on 10 January 1919, though the regime had governed the city since 14 November 1918. Regular troops and Freikorps units occupied Bremen on 4 February and ended it.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1919-01-10 and also an end date of 1919-02-09; the lead and infobox give the end as 4 February 1919.
Cheka shoots 19 people in Tartu's Credit Center cellar
War & conflict
As the Red Army pulled out of Tartu, the Cheka shot 19 people in a cellar under the old Credit Center. Among the dead was Platon Kulbusch, the first Orthodox bishop of Estonia's own church.
The Marxist theorist, Polish by origin and later a naturalised German, helped found the anti-war Spartacus League, from which the German Communist Party grew. She spent most of the First World War in prison.
The German socialist and Spartacus League co-founder was captured with Rosa Luxemburg by Freikorps paramilitaries after the failed Spartacist rising, and executed without trial in Berlin in January 1919.
A landing force made up mainly of Finnish volunteers came ashore at Udria beach during the Estonian War of Independence. Estonia won the battle, and the landing let Estonian units liberate Narva, on the border, on 19 January 1919.
Notes
Battle ran 17-20 January 1919; also called the Utria Landing.
Diplomats from 32 countries and nationalities took part, though Britain, France, the United States and Italy dominated, and the defeated states had no voice. The conference created the League of Nations and produced five peace treaties.
Notes
Wikidata gives only 1919 with start 1919-01-18. Treaties: Versailles 28 June 1919, Saint-Germain 10 September 1919, Neuilly 27 November 1919, Trianon 4 June 1920, Sèvres 10 August 1920.
W. O. Bentley founded Bentley Motors in Cricklewood, north London, on 18 January 1919. Deliveries planned for 1920 slipped to September 1921, and the cars later won at Le Mans.
Notes
Infobox founded date matches Wikidata (18 January 1919).
Prince John, the youngest of King George V and Queen Mary's six children, died in his sleep at Wood Farm, Sandringham, after a severe seizure, aged 13. His epilepsy had been discovered in 1909.
In January 1919 Red Army units of the Ukrainian Front, with Antonov-Ovseyenko and Shchors on one side and Symon Petliura on the other, launched an offensive to take Kyiv. It cut short a congress that had united two Ukrainian republics on 22 January.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1919-01-18 to 1919-02-05, matching the infobox. The result in the infobox is a Soviet victory.
Germany voted for a constituent assembly to write a new constitution after the empire collapsed. Voting was proportional and the minimum age fell to 20. The assembly met in Weimar from 6 February 1919 and went on to adopt the Weimar Constitution.
Monarchists led by Henrique Mitchell de Paiva Couceiro announced the restoration of the Kingdom of Portugal on 19 January 1919. Without strong popular support or organisation, it collapsed when civilians and Republican Guard members rose up in Porto on 13 February.
Notes
The lead and a body sentence put the end on 13 February 1919; the infobox and Wikidata give 14 February. The body says the formal ceremony proclaiming the monarchy took place in Porto on 19 January, after a march into the city the day before; a picture caption places a proclamation in Viana do Castelo the same day.
Red Army attacks Shenkursk and drives out the Allied garrison
War & conflict
The Red Army attacked the Allied garrison at Shenkursk on the Vaga River, and the Allied force of American, British and French troops with White Russian support retreated at midnight on 24 January ahead of a stronger Bolshevik army.
Notes
Wikidata gives start 1919-01-19 and end 1919-01-25, matching the infobox (January 19-25, 1919); the text dates the garrison's evacuation to midnight on 24 January.
Irish War of Independence begins with the first Dail and the Soloheadbeg ambush
Politics & diplomacy
On 21 January 1919 Sinn Fein members formed a breakaway parliament, the Dail Eireann, and declared Irish independence. That same day IRA volunteers, acting on their own initiative, killed two RIC officers at Soloheadbeg.
Notes
Infobox gives the war as 21 January 1919 to 11 July 1921.
Carl Larsson, a Swedish painter linked to the Arts and Crafts movement, born in Stockholm on 28 May 1853, died in Falun. He is mainly remembered for watercolours of happy family life.
Notes
Wikidata gives the place as Sundborn; the infobox gives Falun, Sweden.
Polish-Czechoslovak War over Cieszyn Silesia begins
War & conflictMedium confidence
Czechoslovak forces invaded to stop elections to the Polish Sejm in the disputed area and held most of the region before January ended. Poland's main army was busy in the Polish-Ukrainian War, so its forces there were outnumbered.
Notes
Infobox gives 23–30 January 1919; body says the Czechoslovak army ceased fighting on 31 January 1919 and Cieszyn Silesia was taken over on 27 January. Wikidata gives 1919-01-23 to 1919-01-30.
Polish troops take Komancza and end the Komancza Republic
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
The Komancza Republic was a self-governing polity of 33 Lemko villages led by the Reverend Panteleymon Shpylka. Polish troops attacked on the evening of 23 January and took Komancza the next morning.
Notes
Two dates: Polish troops attacked on the evening of 23 January 1919 and captured the town on the morning of 24 January. Wikidata gives 1919-01-23; the lead and infobox give 24 January as the end.
On 26 January 1919 Poles elected the opening Sejm of the Second Republic by universal suffrage and proportional representation. Communists and the Jewish Bund boycotted the vote, and some areas with unsettled borders did not take part.
Soldiers shoot civilians in Maribor on Marburg's Bloody Sunday
War & conflict
Soldiers led by a Slovene officer shot dead between 9 and 13 German-speaking civilians in Maribor and wounded about 60 more, after a protest in favour of joining German Austria. Nobody was ever charged.
Notes
The lead calls 27 January 1919 a Monday, though the event's name says Sunday. Casualty estimates differ between Slovene and Austrian sources.
The Hungarian poet and journalist Endre Ady passed away in Budapest on 27 January 1919 and lies in Kerepesi Cemetery. His poems explore love, time, faith, individuality and patriotism.
The German socialist historian and Spartacus League leader died in Berlin on 28 January 1919, already unwell and hard hit by the killings of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht. His 1918 biography of Marx was long seen as the standard one.
Notes
Wikidata also holds 29 January 1919; the lead, infobox and body give 28 January 1919.
Founded in Brno on 28 January 1919, Masaryk University began with Law, Medicine, Science and Arts faculties. It carries the name of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, later the first president of independent Czechoslovakia, who contributed greatly to its establishment as the second Czech university.
Notes
The text gives 28 January 1919 as the founding day, with four faculties; the infobox gives only 1919. Wikidata gives 1919-01-28. The article does not say when teaching began, so the row speaks of founding, not opening.
Mannerheim creates Finland's Order of the White Rose
Politics & diplomacy
Regent Gustaf Mannerheim established the order on 28 January 1919. Its name recalls the White side's victory in the 1918 Finnish civil war. The first induction took place on 12 February 1919, and the rules were confirmed on 16 May.
Notes
Category changed from religion_philosophy to politics_diplomacy, as the order is a state honour. Wikidata gives 1919-01-28.
On 31 January 1919 Estonian soldiers forced the Red Latvian Riflemen out of Paju Manor near Valga, and Valga was freed the next day. The Estonian commander Julius Kuperjanov was killed.
City of Glasgow Police clashed with striking workers in and around George Square, in an event also called Bloody Friday. Troops with six tanks were sent to key points around the city, but never fought the rioters. The strike leaders were arrested.
· Sagamore Hill, New York, United States · North America
Theodore Roosevelt dies
Lives
Theodore Roosevelt, the 26th US president from 1901 to 1909, died at Sagamore Hill. He became president after William McKinley was assassinated, and he was 42 at his first inauguration. He was a sickly child with asthma who built up his health through what he called the strenuous life.
· Oceanside, California, United States · North America
Max Heindel dies
Lives
Max Heindel, born Carl Louis von Grasshoff on 23 July 1865, was an American occultist, astrologer and mystic in the Christian tradition. He died at Oceanside, California.
· Hollywood, California, United States · North America
California officially authorises the American Society of Cinematographers
Stage, music & film
California authorised the society on 8 January 1919. It grew from a plan to reorganise the Cinema Camera Club of California into a national group and is neither a union nor a guild.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1919; the infobox gives formation on 8 January 1919.
Jorge Melendez wins El Salvador's presidential election
Politics & diplomacy
Jorge Melendez won the January 1919 presidential vote, defeating Pio Romero Bosque and Arturo Araujo. He was the younger brother of the former president Carlos Melendez, and he and Alfonso Quinonez rigged the result.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1919 (year); the infobox and lead give 13 to 15 January 1919.
· Boston, Massachusetts, United States · North America
Great Molasses Flood hits Boston's North End
Disasters
A huge storage tank of molasses burst at about 12:30 pm, sending a wave through the streets that first moved fast enough to demolish buildings and then thickened and trapped people. It killed 21 people and injured 150.
Americans grew widely afraid of radical left-wing movements such as Bolshevism and anarchism, fed by strikes in Seattle and by Boston's police and by anarchist bombings in 1919. The Palmer Raids sought to suppress radical groups. The Seattle strike began on 21 January 1919.
Notes
Infobox duration runs January 21, 1919 – April 1, 1920; the lead says the scare peaked in 1919–1920 and traces its origins to wartime hyper-nationalism and the Russian Revolution. 21 January 1919 matches the start of the Seattle General Strike in the body.
A strike by metalworkers at the Vasena works in early January 1919 led to street violence and the killing of a policeman. Riots and massacres followed, and most of the dead were workers killed by government forces.
Notes
The lead gives 7 to 14 January 1919; Wikidata gives start 9 January and end 14 January 1919. The infobox says January 1919.
Brazil's fifth president, in office from 1902 to 1906, won a second term in 1918 and then died of Spanish flu before he could be sworn in. His vice-president, Delfim Moreira, succeeded him.
Bandoeng Inlandsche Voetbal Bond is formed, the root of Persib Bandung
SportMedium confidence
The Bandoeng Inlandsche Voetbal Bond, a Dutch name for the Bandung Domestic Football Federation, was formed on 5 January 1919, according to research announced in 2023. Persib Bandung, the top-tier club in West Java, traces its roots to it.
Notes
The club formerly counted 1933 as its founding year; the infobox also lists 18 March 1933 as the date of the Persib name. Wikidata gives 1919-01-05.
Gojong died at Deoksugung on 21 January 1919. He took the throne at 11, became Joseon's 26th king and later the Korean Empire's first emperor, and ruled for 43 years until he was forced to abdicate in 1907.
Notes
The infobox gives the death place as Hamnyeongjeon, Deoksugung; Wikidata gives Deoksugung.
Siege of Medina ends with the arrest of Fahreddin Pasha
War & conflictMedium confidence
Hejazi Arab rebels besieged the Ottoman-held holy city from June 1916 for more than two and a half years. Rebels bribed some of Fahreddin Pasha's soldiers, who arrested him on 10 January 1919, and troops under Abdullah I of Jordan entered Medina on 13 January.
Notes
Ottoman civil dates had followed Gregorian days since March 1917. English and Turkish Wikipedia give 10 January 1919 for the arrest; French Wikipedia says his officers removed him and surrendered on 9 January 1919.
The club was set up in the Bab Souika quarter of Tunis by Muhamed Zouaoui and Hédi Kallel, who started it in a café. Its football section has played in the top Tunisian league without a break since 1936.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1919; the lead and infobox give 15 January 1919.
The CNT union began the strike in February 1919 at the city's main electricity company, nicknamed La Canadenca after its Canadian Bank of Commerce shareholder. It grew into a general strike lasting over 44 days.
Notes
Wikidata gives start 5 February and end 19 March 1919; the excerpt gives February 1919 and 'over 44 days'. Wikidata's place (Canada) and region (North America) reflect the company's nickname; the strike took place in Barcelona.
Vasily Rozanov, a Russian writer counted among the most controversial of his day and an important thinker of the symbolist circle, died in Sergiyev Posad on 5 February 1919.
Notes
Russia used the Gregorian calendar by 1919. English and Russian Wikipedia both give 5 February 1919; French Wikipedia gives 23 January 1919, thirteen days earlier, which may be the Julian form, but it is not labelled as such.
The Assembly first sat in the German National Theater at Weimar. Chosen by popular vote, it acted as Germany's constitutional convention and working parliament, and drew up the Weimar Constitution, in force from 1919 to 1933.
The conference opened alongside the Paris Peace Conference to put women's concerns on the agenda for the postwar peace terms. Women leaders had been refused a place in the talks several times before they could present to a commission.
Notes
The women's conference ran from mid-February to mid-April 1919. Wikidata gives only 1919, with other dates 1919-02-10 and 1919-04-10.
On 11 February 1919 the National Assembly chose Friedrich Ebert, chairman of the SPD, as head of state, with the vote held indirectly because the constitution was unfinished. He beat Arthur von Posadowsky-Wehner on the first ballot.
Notes
The lead gives the vote as 277 to 49 in the first round.
Germany's revolutionary Council of People's Deputies ends
Politics & diplomacy
The Council, chaired by Friedrich Ebert, ran Germany as a provisional government from 10 November 1918 until the Weimar National Assembly replaced it on 13 February 1919. Its early reforms included the eight-hour workday and the vote for women.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1919-02-13, matching the lead and infobox.
The war was fought mainly between the Second Polish Republic and Soviet Russia after the First World War. Lenin saw independent Poland as a route for spreading revolution, while Polish leaders wanted the borders of 1772 restored. A ceasefire took effect on 18 October 1920.
Notes
Lead gives 14 February 1919 as the start; infobox gives '1918/1919'. Wikidata gives only 1919-02. Ending year is variously given as 1920 or 1921: ceasefire 18 October 1920, Peace of Riga 18 March 1921.
The Second Polish Republic and Soviet Russia fought around the village of Bereza Kartuska, now Byaroza in Belarus. Poland won the clash. Some historians regard it as the opening clash of the Polish-Soviet War of 1919 to 1921.
Notes
Lead and infobox give 14 February 1919; a body sentence says Polish soldiers were in action at 7 in the morning on 13 February 1919. Wikidata gives 1919-02-14.
Georgians voted from 14 to 16 February 1919 using party-list proportional representation in a single nationwide district. The Social Democratic Party won 109 of the 130 seats, with 81% of the vote. On 12 March the Assembly ratified Georgia's Act of Independence.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1919-02-16 with another date, 1919-02-14.
Soldiers of the Ukrainian People's Republic under Ivan Semesenko killed at least 1,500 Jewish people in Proskurov, now Khmelnytskyi, in a few hours. More than 1,000 more were wounded. They were ordered to use only lances and bayonets to save ammunition.
Notes
Sources and estimates of the death toll differ; the lead gives at least 1,500 and up to 1,700 by other estimates.
Austria voted on 16 February 1919, and the Social Democratic Workers' Party took 72 of the 170 seats. Working-class voters mainly backed the Social Democrats, while farmers and the middle class backed the Christian Social Party.
The English traveller, Conservative politician and Middle East adviser died of Spanish flu in a room at the Hôtel Le Lotti, close to the Tuileries, while in Paris for the peace negotiations.
Notes
Wikidata gives the place as the 1st arrondissement of Paris; the infobox gives Paris, France.
Palokë Nika and other local sportspeople formed the Vllaznia Sports Society, wanting a club that would cover many sports, including football. It played KF Tirana in its first ever game, in October 1920.
Notes
The English article dates the Vllaznia Sports Society to 16 February 1919, matching Wikidata. French Wikipedia gives only the year 1919 and says the club began as KS Bashkimi Shkodër and took the Vllaznia name in 1935, so the name at founding is disputed.
The congress met at the Grand Hotel while the Paris Peace Conference was under way, following a Pan-African conference in London in 1900. W. E. B. Du Bois had gone to France in December 1918 as a representative of the NAACP.
Notes
Body text gives 19 to 21 February; an image caption gives February 19–22, 1919. Wikidata gives 19–21 February.
The socialist who had declared Bavaria a free republic on 8 November 1918 and become its first republican premier was shot in Munich by Anton Graf von Arco auf Valley, a far-right nationalist.
From 23 February to 5 March 1919 Poland and Soviet Russia fought the Battle of Pinsk, an early engagement of the Polish-Soviet War. Aleksander Narbutt-Luczynski and Wladyslaw Dabrowski led the Polish forces, who won.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1919-02-23 to 1919-03-05, matching the lead and infobox. The body is inconsistent with this: it dates the Polish plan to attack Pinsk to 23 March and the planned start to 27 March, which cannot fit a battle that ended on 5 March.
Estonia's provisional government set up the Bank of Estonia on 24 February 1919, soon after independence. It issued the kroon until 2010, and its head office stands where Estonia declared independence.
Notes
Wikidata gives the year 1919; the infobox and history text give 24 February 1919.
Prime Minister Konstantin Pats established the decoration on 24 February 1919 to honour services in the Estonian War of Independence. It had three divisions, each in three classes, and awards ended on 19 June 1925.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1919-02-24; the infobox lists 24 February 1919 as the date first awarded, the same day the lead gives for the establishment.
Lithuanian-Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic is created
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
The republic, known as Litbel, was formed by merging the Lithuanian and Belorussian Soviet republics. Many describe it as a puppet of Soviet Russia. By August 1919 Polish and Lithuanian advances had cost it all its claimed territory.
Notes
The 27 February 1919 start is stated in the article's text and infobox and matches Wikidata. The end is disputed: the infobox and Wikidata give 31 July 1920, when the Belorussian republic was announced in Minsk, which Soviet historians took as the end. The article also reports Borzecki's view that Lenin liquidated the state on 17 July 1919, and that on that day its Defense Council was dissolved. The republic lost its last claimed town on 27 August 1919 but formally lingered into 1920, so no end date is stored.
· Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States · North America
Edward Charles Pickering dies
Lives
The American astronomer directed the Harvard College Observatory from 1877 until his death, and found the first spectroscopic binary stars with Carl Vogel. He died of pneumonia and heart complications after about ten days of illness.
· Columbus, Indiana, United States · North America
Cummins Engine Company is founded in Columbus, Indiana
Economy & trade
The mechanic Clessie Cummins and the banker William Glanton Irwin founded the company on 3 February 1919. It is still headquartered in Columbus and builds diesel engines, as well as parts for electric vehicles and power generation.
An Act of Congress approved on 4 February 1919 established the Navy Cross, given for extraordinary heroism in combat. It is the Navy's counterpart to the Army's Distinguished Service Cross and is awarded by the Secretary of the Navy.
Notes
Category set to war_conflict; the candidate row proposed architecture.
Chaplin, Pickford, Fairbanks and Griffith found United Artists
Stage, music & film
On 5 February 1919 the four film stars incorporated United Artists as a joint venture, to give performers a say over their own money and creative work instead of leaving it to commercial studios.
Notes
The infobox places the founding in Hollywood, Los Angeles, while the body places the company's headquarters in New York City, so only 'United States' is stored.
· Seattle, Washington, United States · North America
Seattle General Strike begins
Politics & diplomacy
From 6 to 11 February 1919 about 65,000 workers stopped work in Seattle in support of locked-out shipyard workers. Authorities and newspapers saw it as a radical bid to subvert American institutions.
Notes
Wikidata gives the year 1919 for the main date and also holds 6 and 11 February 1919.
Canada's seventh prime minister, the first French Canadian to hold the post, died in Ottawa in February 1919. He governed from 1896 to 1911 and is best known for compromises between English and French Canada.
The American surgeon and abolitionist, qualified as a doctor in 1855, fell into Confederate hands after she went across enemy lines to treat wounded civilians. She is the only woman to have received the Medal of Honor.
· Grand Canyon, Arizona, United States · North America
Wilson signs the act making the Grand Canyon a national park
Politics & diplomacy
President Woodrow Wilson signed the Grand Canyon National Park Act on 26 February 1919. Senate bills for a park had been defeated in 1910 and 1911, and the canyon had earlier been made a national monument in 1908.
Notes
The source is the park article, not a separate article on the Act. Wikidata gives 1919; the day comes from the history section and infobox.
Habibullah Khan, Emir of Afghanistan, is assassinated
LivesMedium confidence
The emir, who had ruled since 1901, was killed on a hunting trip at Kalagosh in Laghman province, shot at very close range in the ear. His brother Nasrullah held power for a week before Amanullah ousted him.
Notes
The lead and infobox give 20 February 1919; a body sentence places the shooting during the night of 19 February 1919. Wikidata gives 20 February.
Soviet Russia moved into areas left by withdrawing German garrisons after cancelling the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk on 13 November 1918. It entered Minsk almost unopposed on 10 December 1918, but the campaigns against Latvia and Lithuania failed.
Notes
Infobox dates the offensive 18 November 1918 – March 1919. Wikidata gives 1919-03.
In March 1919 Britain set up an Army of the Rhine to occupy the Rhineland, made up of several two-division corps and a cavalry division. Field Marshal Lord Plumer was its first commander-in-chief, followed by General Sir William Robertson.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1919; the infobox gives its first period as 1919-1929.
Queen of the South football club is formed in Dumfries
Sport
Queen of the South, a Scottish professional club, was formed in Dumfries in 1919 and has played at Palmerston Park ever since. Like the people of Dumfries, the club is nicknamed the Doonhamers.
Notes
The infobox gives March 1919; the lead gives 1919. Wikidata gives 1919.
Finland holds its first parliamentary election as an independent country
Politics & diplomacy
Voting ran from 1 to 3 March 1919, and the Social Democratic Party became the largest party with 80 of the 200 seats. The country was still recovering from its civil war.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1 March 1919 and also holds 3 March 1919.
Founding congress of the Communist International opens in Moscow
Politics & diplomacy
Delegates of communist, revolutionary socialist and syndicalist groups met in Moscow and set up the Communist International. Fifty-one representatives of more than two dozen countries attended. Transport difficulties had pushed the start back two weeks, to 2 March.
Kolchak's White Army begins its spring offensive in the east
War & conflictMedium confidence
Under Alexander Kolchak the Whites pushed forward on the Eastern Front in the Ural and Volga regions between March and April 1919, having decided at the start of the year to advance in two directions.
Notes
The infobox gives 4 March to 29 April 1919; the lead says March and April 1919. Wikidata gives April 1919 (month).
On 6 March 1919 the Imperial German Army, the empire's combined ground and air force created in 1871, was formally abolished after Germany lost the First World War. A temporary force took its place.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1919 only. The infobox lists chiefs of the General Staff until July 1919, so the precise end of the institution may be read differently.
Polish and Red Army units fight two battles at Baranowicze
War & conflict
Polish groups fought Red Army units at Baranowicze twice in 1919: a cavalry raid under Captain Jerzy Dąbrowski that began on 13 March, and a larger assault that ran from 13 to 19 April. A charge by Uhlan cavalry decided the second battle by causing panic behind the defenders' lines.
Notes
Two separate battles are covered, so the stored span runs from the first battle's start (13 March) to the second battle's end (19 April), with a gap between them. The article's headings and infobox give 13 to 15 March and 13 to 19 April, but the March narrative runs past 15 March (the station at Siniaŭka taken on the 16th, Baranowicze reached afterwards, a General Staff report dated 19 March), so the end of the first battle is not clear. Wikidata gives 1919-03-13 to 1919-04-19.
Officers and enlisted men of the American Expeditionary Forces founded the veterans' organization in Paris. Delegates from all AEF units met at a caucus, adopted a tentative constitution and chose the name American Legion. Congress chartered it on 16 September 1919.
Notes
Caucus held 15-17 March 1919; the infobox gives 15 March 1919. Wikidata gives 1919-03-15.
The Bolshevik organiser died in Moscow in March 1919. He had headed the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, effectively head of state, from 1917 and chaired the party Secretariat from 1918.
Notes
Date is 1919, after Russia adopted the Gregorian calendar.
Eighth Congress of the Russian Communist Party opens in Moscow
Politics & diplomacy
The Bolshevik party held its second annual congress since taking power in October 1917, with Lenin opening it in the chair. Delegates passed a new party program, and the Central Committee elected a nine-member Politburo.
Notes
Congress ran 18-23 March 1919. Russia used the Gregorian calendar by this date.
The club that is now Valencia CF was founded in 1919 as Valencia Foot-ball Club. Octavio Augusto Milego Díaz became its first president, and it has played at Mestalla since 1923.
Notes
The infobox gives founded 18 March 1919; a body sentence says the club dates its establishment to 5 March 1919, with official approval on 18 March 1919. Wikidata gives 18 March.
A communist state began in Hungary on 21 March 1919, with Sándor Garbai as nominal head of government and Béla Kun leading in practice. The Entente blockaded it, and it lost to Romanian forces, after which Kun fled to Vienna.
Notes
The lead says the republic lasted from 21 March 1919 until August 1919; Wikidata gives an end date of 1 August 1919. Only the start is stored as the date.
Dénes Berinkey's government fell on 21 March 1919, a day after a French Entente envoy handed Károlyi a note setting the final postwar frontiers, which Hungarians found unacceptable. The Hungarian Soviet Republic followed.
Notes
The infobox gives the end of the republic as 8 August 1919, with a 133-day interruption by the Hungarian Soviet Republic. The date stored is the overthrow of the Berinkey government, which is also what Wikidata gives (1919-03-21).
Mussolini founds the Fasci Italiani di Combattimento in Milan
Politics & diplomacy
On 23 March 1919, in a hall on Piazza San Sepolcro, Benito Mussolini gave two speeches founding an ultranationalist group meant to appeal to war veterans of all leanings. It renamed itself the National Fascist Party in November 1921.
Notes
The infobox gives foundation 23 March 1919; the lead says March 1919 and the body names the day. Merged duplicate row 1919-03-23-mussolini-holds-the-sansepolcrismo-rally-in-milan (Mussolini holds the Sansepolcrismo rally in Milan).
· Leavesden Hospital, Hertfordshire, England · Europe
Aaron Kosminski dies
Lives
Aaron Kosminski, a Polish Jewish barber who had left Congress Poland for England in the 1880s, died at Leavesden Hospital. He had been a hairdresser in Whitechapel and was institutionalised from 1891 after threatening his sister with a knife.
Notes
Wikidata gives London as the place; the infobox gives Leavesden Hospital, Hertfordshire.
The German sculptor, influenced by realism and expressionism, took his own life in Berlin on 25 March 1919. Berlin's Prussian Academy of Arts had admitted him as a member earlier that year.
Notes
Wikidata gives the place as Friedenau; the infobox gives Berlin. Contains a suicide; the facts state it plainly without detail.
The university was founded and opened its gates on 28 March 1919. It combined the general lecture programme, the Hamburg Colonial Institute and the Academic College, and the philosopher Ernst Cassirer taught there from 1919 to 1933.
Notes
Wikidata gives the year 1919; the lead, infobox and body give 28 March 1919.
Oscar Mossberg and his sons found O. F. Mossberg & Sons
Economy & tradeMedium confidence
Oscar Frederick Mossberg, out of work after the machine-gun maker Marlin-Rockwell went out of business, founded the firm with his sons in March 1919. It is now known for shotguns, rifles and scopes.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1919; the infobox gives March 1919 and the history text says 1919.
Every justice agreed, and Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. wrote the opinion upholding the conviction of Charles Schenck and others, who had circulated flyers urging draft-age men to resist induction. Holmes wrote that such words could create a clear and present danger.
Notes
Infobox gives argued January 9–10, 1919 and decided March 3, 1919. Wikidata gives 1919.
The 66th Congress sat in Washington from 4 March 1919 to 4 March 1921, covering Wilson's final two years. Republicans gained control of both chambers. National Prohibition went into effect during its term, on 16 January 1920.
Notes
The term began on 4 March 1919; its first session started on 19 May 1919 per the infobox. Wikidata gives 1919-03-04.
The 65th Congress met in Washington, D.C., from 4 March 1917 to 4 March 1919, during Woodrow Wilson's presidency. It declared war on Germany on 6 April 1917 and on Austria-Hungary on 7 December 1917.
Notes
Lead gives the term as ending 4 March 1919; the infobox lists its fourth session as ending 3 March 1919. Wikidata gives 1919-03-04.
· Seattle, Washington, United States · North America
Spanish flu halts the Stanley Cup Final in Seattle
Sport
The Seattle Metropolitans hosted the Montreal Canadiens, but an outbreak of Spanish flu cancelled the final after five games, with each side on two wins, two losses and one tie. Most Canadiens players and their manager were hospitalised.
Notes
The series ran 19-29 March 1919 per the infobox. Wikidata gives 1919 with an end date of 1919-03-29.
March First Movement protests begin against Japanese rule in Korea
Politics & diplomacy
The protests started in Seoul, where the Korean Declaration of Independence was read aloud in public, and spread across Korea and among Korean communities abroad. They were largely peaceful but often put down with violence. The movement led to the Korean Provisional Government.
Notes
Protests were concentrated in March and April 1919, with related protests until 1921. Casualty and participation figures are uncertain in the source.
Kanda Station first opened on 1 March 1919, as the Chuo Main Line was lengthened from Manseibashi Station to reach Tokyo Station. It stands in Chiyoda, Tokyo.
Notes
Wikidata, the infobox and the history section agree on 1 March 1919.
Imperial Legislative Council in Delhi passes the Rowlatt Act
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
Over strong opposition from its Indian members, the council passed the act, which indefinitely extended wartime powers of preventive detention and imprisonment without trial. It followed a report by a committee under Justice Sidney Rowlatt, and the government repealed it in March 1922.
Notes
Passed 18 March 1919; assented 21 March 1919 and came into effect 21 March 1919. Wikidata gives 1919-03-10.
Governor-General's building in Taipei is completed
Architecture
Construction of the seat of the Governor-General of Taiwan began on 1 June 1912 and finished on 31 March 1919, under Japanese rule. It became the Presidential Office in 1950 and remains a Baroque-style landmark in central Taipei.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1919-03; the infobox and history text give 31 March 1919. The lead names Uheiji Nagano as architect, while the chronology credits the final design to Matsunosuke Moriyama.
Egyptian revolution against British occupation breaks out after Zaghloul's arrest
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
Nationwide protests and riots against British occupation broke out in Egypt in March 1919, after Saad Zaghloul was arrested on 8 March and sent to Malta. The wider revolution is dated from November 1918 to July 1919, and Britain recognised an independent Kingdom of Egypt in 1922.
Notes
The lead dates the revolution to November 1918 to July 1919, and the infobox gives November 1918 to 23 July 1919 (that infobox date carries a citation-needed tag); Wikidata gives only 1919. The body says Zaghloul was arrested on 8 March 1919 and that widespread disturbances followed between 15 and 31 March, which a historian quoted there calls the result of the arrest. The row is dated to March 1919 for the outbreak, not for the whole revolution; the November 1918 start of the wider movement is the lead's figure and is not dated further in the body.
The first Ahdut HaAvoda party was founded in March 1919, under British military administration, after a division within Poale Zion. David Ben-Gurion led it, and in 1930 it merged with Hapoel Hatzair to form Mapai.
Notes
Wikidata gives the year 1919; the source gives March 1919.
Italy landed an expeditionary force at Antalya soon after the Ottoman Empire's collapse, and its troops quickly occupied nearby places including Alanya, Konya and Eskişehir. Italy had been promised the area in the 1915 Treaty of London.
Notes
The lead dates the occupation from 1919 to 1922; Wikidata gives an end of 1922-01-01. The landing was an Italian operation, and ottoman civil dates had followed Gregorian days since March 1917.
Upper Volta was a French West Africa colony set up in 1919 in the area of present-day Burkina Faso. Its land was taken from Côte d'Ivoire and from Upper Senegal and Niger.
Notes
The infobox start is given as 1 March with the year start 1919; the lead gives 1919. Wikidata gives 1919-03-01. The candidate region Europe was changed to Africa, as the colony lay in West Africa.
Crews on French warships mutinied against France's intervention on the White side in southern Russia. André Marty was one of the leaders. On the morning of 20 April the red flag went up on two battleships, beside the French tricolour.
Notes
Lead says the crews mutinied on 19 April 1919; a body sentence says the mutiny began on 16 April aboard a destroyer at Galatz and spread to ships in Crimea, with the red flag raised on 20 April and a further ship joining on 23 April. Stored at month level. Wikidata gives 1919-04.
The Grand Fleet, the Royal Navy's main battlefleet in the First World War, stood down in April 1919 after nearly five years. Much of its strength went into a new Atlantic Fleet.
VEF, the State Electrotechnical Factory, begins in Riga
Economy & trade
The factory began in April 1919 as the central workshops of Latvia's postal and telegraph department. Before the Second World War it made the Minox, then the world's smallest camera.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1919; the infobox gives 1919 and the history text says April 1919.
Gropius founded the school in Weimar by merging an academy of fine art with a school of arts and crafts, aiming to unify individual artistic vision with mass production. It moved to Dessau in 1925 and Berlin in 1932, then closed in 1933 under Nazi pressure.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1919-04 (month) and an inception of 1919-01-01. Body dates the founding to 1 April 1919.
Red Army takes Simferopol and ends the second Crimean Regional Government
Politics & diplomacy
The Red Army took Simferopol on 2 April 1919, and the second Crimean government was dissolved. White forces retook Crimea in June 1919.
Notes
The dissolution is dated 2 April 1919 in the history section, when the Red Army took Simferopol; Soviet Russia had used the Gregorian calendar since February 1918. Wikidata gives only 1919-04.
The English chemist and physicist, who invented the Crookes tube, died in London on 4 April 1919. He proposed 'radiant matter' as a fourth state of matter and is credited with finding thallium.
Communists and anarchists proclaimed a soviet republic in Bavaria, forcing the state government to flee to Bamberg. The playwright Ernst Toller led the first government, which had no political or administrative experience.
Notes
Body text puts the proclamation overnight between 6 and 7 April 1919. The Wikidata end-date field gives 1919-05-03, when the republic was put down.
The Comité Français Interfédéral reorganised itself as the national football federation, with Jules Rimet installed as its first president. The older body USFSA was dissolved in 1919 after disagreements with FIFA.
Notes
Category set to sport; the candidate row proposed architecture.
The Hungarian physicist and baron, remembered mainly for his research on gravitation and surface tension, died in Budapest on 8 April 1919. He invented the torsion pendulum.
Marguerite Long premieres Ravel's Le tombeau de Couperin
Stage, music & film
Marguerite Long gave the first performance of the piano version of Ravel's Le tombeau de Couperin at the Salle Gaveau in Paris. Each of the suite's six movements honours a friend of the composer who died fighting in the First World War.
Notes
Calendar not stated in source; France used the Gregorian calendar. Wikidata and the infobox agree on 11 April 1919.
Sisters Eglantyne Jebb and Dorothy Buxton founded the Save the Children Fund on 15 April 1919 to ease child starvation caused by the Allied blockade of Germany, which continued after the Armistice.
Notes
Wikidata gives the year 1919; the infobox and body give 15 April 1919.
Amid widespread unrest after the First World War, fascists began attacking their rivals on 15 April 1919, starting with the Socialist Party newspaper Avanti! Mussolini became prime minister in 1922 after the March on Rome.
Notes
Infobox gives 15 April 1919 to 31 October 1926 for the whole period of unrest; the start date is the first attack on the offices of Avanti!. Wikidata gives 1919-04-15.
Somerset Maugham's The Moon and Sixpence is published
Art & literature
W. Somerset Maugham's novel, published by William Heinemann, centres on Charles Strickland, an English stockbroker in middle age who suddenly leaves his family to become an artist. A narrator in the first person tells it in episodes.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1919; the lead and infobox give 15 April 1919.
Poland launches its offensive to take Vilnius from the Red Army
War & conflict
Poland's army began its drive on Red Army-held Vilnius on 16 April 1919 and captured the city after street fighting from 19 to 21 April. Lenin had considered the city vital and ordered it retaken at once.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1919-04 (month); the lead gives 16 April 1919 for the start. The infobox says April 1919. Soviets retook the city briefly in spring 1920.
· Belgrade, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes · Europe
Yugoslavia's communist party is founded at a Belgrade congress
Politics & diplomacy
A unification congress in Belgrade merged left-wing groups into the Socialist Labour Party of Yugoslavia (Communists), known from 1920 as the Communist Party of Yugoslavia. It became the main communist opposition party in the new South Slav kingdom, was banned by the royal government and went underground.
Notes
The congress ran 20-23 April 1919, so date_end is 23 April. Wikidata and the infobox give 20 April 1919, and Serbian Wikipedia gives the same 20-23 April. Serbian Wikipedia says the kingdom moved to the Gregorian calendar in January 1919 (15 January Old Style was followed by 28 January), so the April dates are Gregorian.
Henri Pélissier of France won the twentieth Paris-Roubaix, with the Belgian Philippe Thys second and Honoré Barthélemy of France third. The previous edition had been held in 1914.
Notes
Hook rests on the infobox listing 1914 as the previous edition.
In the night of 21 April 1919, Finnish volunteers crossed the frontier into Olonets Karelia, called Aunus in Finnish, and took Olonets two days later. The only result was a declaration by the Porajärvi parish that it wished to join Finland.
Notes
Infobox date range is 21 April to 18 September 1919; Wikidata gives the same range.
Red Army begins its Eastern Front counteroffensive against Kolchak
War & conflictMedium confidence
After Kolchak's army broke through the centre of the Red Eastern Front in spring 1919, the Reds counterattacked from the southern flank in the Ural and Volga regions. Mikhail Frunze and Mikhail Tukhachevsky were among the Red leaders.
Notes
The infobox gives 28 April to July 1919; the lead says April-July 1919. English Wikipedia's article on the White spring offensive dates Frunze's counteroffensive to 22 April 1919. Wikidata gives 1919-07 as its main date, with start 1919-04-01 and end 1919-06-01. The end is stored at month level.
French-led troops had taken Kherson, Nikolaev, Sevastopol and Tiraspol on the Black Sea coast in support of the Whites. Short of supplies and demoralised, they were evacuated after defeats in March 1919.
Notes
The infobox gives 18 December 1918 - 30 April 1919; the text puts the withdrawal at the start of April. Wikidata gives 30 April 1919.
Followers of the anarchist Luigi Galleani carried out or tried a string of bombings between April and June 1919, mostly by mail. On the evening of 2 June, nine large bombs went off almost together in eight cities.
Notes
The lead and infobox give April to June 1919; Wikidata gives April 1919 as start and 1 June 1919 as end.
· Glen Cove, New York, United States · North America
Frank Winfield Woolworth dies
Lives
Frank Winfield Woolworth, founder of the F. W. Woolworth Company and its low-priced five-and-dimes, died of septic shock caused by an infected tooth, five days short of his 67th birthday. He bought direct from manufacturers and set fixed prices.
Zapata led the peasants' revolution in Morelos and inspired the agrarian movement called Zapatismo; in November 1911 he issued the Plan of Ayala, calling for land to go to the peasants. Men under General Jesus Guajardo shot him at a hacienda in Chinameca.
Notes
Born 8 August 1879 in Anenecuilco, Morelos. The article body says Guajardo invited Zapata to a meeting, and that his men shot him on his arrival at the San Juan hacienda, at Chinameca.
Racing, a professional football club in Montevideo, was founded on 6 April 1919. Its nickname, La Escuelita, means The Little School, and it won promotion to the top division in 2022.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1919; the infobox gives 6 April 1919.
First South American Championships in Athletics open in Montevideo
Sport
The opening edition of the South American Championships in Athletics was held in Montevideo, Uruguay, from 11 to 13 April. Only Uruguay and Chile competed. The next championships took place in Santiago in 1920.
Brazil held early presidential elections on 13 April 1919, called after Rodrigues Alves, elected in 1918, died. The winner, with 71% of the vote, was Epitácio Pessoa, who stood for the Paraíba Republican Party.
Korean Provisional Government is founded in Shanghai
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
Soon after the March First Movement, Korean exiles founded a provisional government on 11 April 1919 in Shanghai's French Concession. Its constitution called for a democratic republic with three branches.
Notes
Wikidata gives 11 September 1919, the date rival governments were merged into the Shanghai one; the lead, infobox and body give 11 April 1919 for the founding, after a first Assembly session on 10 April. French Wikipedia says it was constituted on 11 April and proclaimed two days later.
British Indian troops fire on a crowd at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar
War & conflict
Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer surrounded a crowd gathered for the Baisakhi fair and ordered his troops to fire as people tried to flee through the garden's single usable exit. Estimates of the dead range from 379 to 1,500 or more.
Notes
Casualty estimates differ within the source: infobox gives 379–700 killed, lead gives 379 to 1,500 or more.
Imperial Japanese Army soldiers killed 20 to 30 unarmed Korean civilians in Jeamni, in the Suwon area of Japanese-ruled Korea. The Shanghai Gazette printed a report on the killings on 27 May 1919.
British troops occupy Kars and end the Southwestern Caucasus government
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
British troops sent from Batum occupied Kars on 19 April 1919, dispersed a sitting of its parliament and detained thirty members of the parliament and government; eleven were later exiled to Malta. This ended the short-lived provisional government, which in practice held only Kars province.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1919 (year). The lead and infobox give 19 April 1919 for the end, and the body dates the British occupation of Kars to that day. The lead credits the abolition to High Commissioner Admiral Gough-Calthorpe, while the article's timeline dates his abolition to 10 April and the occupation to 19 April. The government's name varies in the article (Kars Republic, South-West Caucasia).
The undeclared war between newly independent Lithuania and Poland was fought mainly around Vilnius and Suwalki. Polish forces seized Vilnius on 19 April 1919, and the Entente drew two demarcation lines that both sides ignored.
Notes
Lead and infobox give May 1919 as the start; the lead dates the first clashes to 26 April and 8 May 1919 near Vievis. War ended 29 November 1920. Wikidata gives 1919. French Wikipedia treats the war as a 1920 conflict that began in August 1920.
Armstrong Whitworth's development company bought out Siddeley-Deasy in April 1919, and in May it became the subsidiary Armstrong Siddeley Motors Ltd. The firm was best known for luxury cars and aircraft engines.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1919-05; the infobox gives 1919 and the history text says May 1919.
The Slovak politician, diplomat, pilot and astronomer died on 4 May 1919. He was a general in the French Army and Czechoslovakia's Minister of War, and helped found the Czechoslovak National Council in 1916.
The new university was inaugurated in Poznań on 7 May 1919, the 400th anniversary of the Lubrański Academy's founding. It became the University of Poznań in 1920 and took the name of the poet Adam Mickiewicz in 1955.
The Russian Marxist theorist and revolutionary died in Petrograd on 8 May 1919. A jury acquitted her after she tried to kill St. Petersburg's governor in 1878, and in 1883 she helped found Emancipation of Labour.
Notes
Wikidata gives the place as Saint Petersburg; the infobox gives Petrograd. The date is 1919, after Russia adopted the Gregorian calendar.
Austria adopts a single-headed eagle as its republican coat of arms
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
On 8 May 1919 the council of ministers replaced the earlier tower emblem, agreed on 31 October 1918, with an eagle standing for Austria's sovereignty. A hammer, a sickle and a mural crown stand for workers, farmers and the middle class.
Notes
The lead says the arms have been used since 1919; the body gives the 8 May 1919 council decision. Wikidata gives 1919 (year). Wikidata's category (architecture) is changed to politics_diplomacy.
Voters in Vorarlberg were asked whether their provincial assembly should announce a wish to join the Swiss Confederation. About 80.7% said yes, and 93 of 96 municipalities had a majority in favour. The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye left the province in Austria.
Bessarabian revolutionary committee is established in Tiraspol
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
Soviet Russia created the committee to set up a Soviet republic in Bessarabia. It was proclaimed in Odessa on 5 May 1919 and established in Tiraspol on 11 May, and ended in September once Denikin's forces took over around Odessa.
Notes
Proclaimed in Odessa on 5 May 1919 and established in Tiraspol on 11 May 1919, both on Soviet-held ground, which used the Gregorian calendar; Romania had also switched in April 1919, so no conversion applies. The body says the government never controlled any part of Bessarabia, while the lead says it held the town of Bender. Wikidata gives 1919-05-11 and a dissolution of 1919-09-01.
The Austrian occultist, journalist and novelist died in Berlin on 17 May 1919. He taught a modern pagan movement he called Wotanism, and his interest in the occult deepened during an 11-month spell of blindness in 1902.
Arenas Club beat FC Barcelona in the 1919 Copa del Rey final
Sport
Arenas Club de Getxo beat FC Barcelona 5-2 after extra time at Madrid's Martínez Campos stadium, after it was level at 2-2 after regular time. Félix Sesúmaga scored a hat-trick for Arenas.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1919; the infobox and lead give 18 May 1919.
The first Giro after the Great War left Milan on 21 May with a stage to Trento and finished back in Milan on 8 June. Costante Girardengo won, taking seven stages.
Notes
Wikidata gives start 21 May and end 8 June 1919, matching the infobox. The number of starters is given as 66 in the lead but 63 in the body and in French Wikipedia, so no starter count is used.
Ukrainian soldiers seized Lviv on 1 November 1918 and declared a new state, and Polish resistance in the city fought back. A general Polish offensive in May 1919 forced the Ukrainians to withdraw from around the city.
Notes
The infobox date range ends 22 May 1919; Wikidata gives 22 May 1919.
Local Bolshevik groups rose in Bender on 27 May 1919 to protest Romania's annexation of Bessarabia, seizing the railway station and the post and telegraph offices. Romanian and French troops crushed it that evening.
Notes
Romania moved to the Gregorian calendar in 1919 (31 March was followed by 14 April), so 27 May 1919 is Gregorian. Wikidata and the infobox give 27 May 1919.
Silent film Different from the Others premieres in Berlin
Stage, music & filmMedium confidence
Richard Oswald directed this silent German film, which he co-wrote with Magnus Hirschfeld. It attacked Paragraph 175, the law that made homosexuality a crime in Germany. Conrad Veidt and Reinhold Schünzel starred.
Notes
The English article and German Wikipedia give the premiere as 28 May 1919 at the Apollo-Theater in Berlin, with a showing at the Prinzess-Theater on 30 May. The English infobox gives a release date of 30 June 1919, which may be a later general release. Wikidata gives only 1919.
The Bulgarian Communist Party, successor to the Narrow Socialists and led at first by Dimitar Blagoev, was founded on 28 May 1919. It applied to join the Communist International in its first year, and it governed Bulgaria as a people's republic from 1946 until 1990.
Notes
The English and French infoboxes give 28 May 1919, and Wikidata agrees; the English text gives only 1919. The English infobox names the Narrow Socialist party as its predecessor, and French Wikipedia says the Narrow Socialists took the new name on joining the Comintern, so this was partly a renaming of an existing party.
Republic of Prekmurje is proclaimed in Murska Sobota
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
Vilmos Tkalecz proclaimed the short-lived Republic of Prekmurje from a balcony in Murska Sobota. On 6 June 1919 the Hungarian Red Army marched in and overthrew it.
Notes
The lead says Prekmurje was incorporated into the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes on 6 June 1919, the same day the history text says the Hungarian Red Army overthrew the republic. Wikidata gives 1919-05-29 and an end of 1919-06-06, matching the infobox.
The author of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz had a stroke on 5 May 1919, fell into a coma and died the next day in Los Angeles. His last Oz book appeared a year later.
Notes
Wikidata gives the place as Hollywood; the infobox gives Los Angeles, California, and the text mentions his home Ozcot in Hollywood.
B. W. Huebsch published the first edition of the short story cycle on 8 May 1919. The stories follow George Willard from childhood to leaving the town as a young man. Anderson drew the imaginary town of Winesburg from boyhood recollections of Clyde, Ohio.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1919; the infobox gives 8 May 1919.
Mary Pickford's silent film Daddy-Long-Legs is released
Stage, music & filmMedium confidence
Marshall Neilan directed Daddy-Long-Legs, a silent comedy-drama starring Mary Pickford, who also produced it. It adapts Jean Webster's 1912 novel and was distributed by First National Pictures.
Notes
The day comes only from the infobox release field. Wikidata gives the year 1919.
D. W. Griffith directed this American silent melodrama, which premiered on 13 May 1919 with Lillian Gish, Richard Barthelmess and Donald Crisp. It tells of Lucy Burrows, abused by her prizefighter father, and her meeting with Cheng Huan, a kind Chinese man.
Notes
The infobox gives 13 May 1919 in New York City and a US premiere of 20 October 1919; Wikidata also gives 1919-10-20 as another date.
· Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States · North America
Henry J. Heinz dies
Lives
The Pittsburgh businessman who helped found H. J. Heinz died at home in May 1919 after catching pneumonia. He had played a part in getting the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 passed.
At 11 am on Thursday 15 May 1919, almost the whole working population of Winnipeg went on strike. Over 30,000 strikers kept the city's economy at a standstill for six weeks.
Los Angeles teacher-training school becomes the University of California's Southern Branch
ScienceMedium confidence
In 1919 California lawmakers turned the Los Angeles teacher-training school, whose roots go back to 1881, into the University of California's Southern Branch. That branch later became UCLA.
Notes
The infobox gives May 23, 1919 as the date it became a UC campus, and a body sentence has the same date. Wikidata gives 24 July 1919 and also holds 23 May 1919.
· Irvington, New York, United States · North America
Madam C. J. Walker dies
Lives
The entrepreneur, born Sarah Breedlove, built her fortune on cosmetics and hair care for Black women. She died at her Villa Lewaro estate in Irvington, New York, in May 1919, regarded as the wealthiest African-American businesswoman in America.
Notes
Wikidata gives the place as Irvington; the infobox gives Irvington, New York.
· Indianapolis Motor Speedway, Indianapolis, United States · North America
Indianapolis 500 returns as the Liberty Sweepstakes
Sport
On 31 May 1919 the race came back after two years off for the war, run as the Liberty 500-Mile Sweepstakes. Howdy Wilcox won, and three men died in the first half.
Notes
The race was first announced for Friday 30 May 1919. The infobox and lead give 31 May.
· Los Toldos, Buenos Aires province, Argentina · South America
Eva Duarte, later Eva Peron, is born
LivesMedium confidence
Maria Eva Duarte, the youngest of five children, was born in the rural village of Los Toldos. She moved to Buenos Aires at 15 to work as an actress and later became Argentina's First Lady.
Notes
Place and year are both disputed. The lead and infobox give 7 May 1919; Junin's civil registry lists a Maria Eva Duarte born on 7 May 1922, while a baptismal certificate under the name Eva Maria Ibarguren gives 7 May 1919. For the place, the lead gives Los Toldos, the infobox gives Junin or a rural area of General Viamonte, and Wikidata gives Junin.
Enrique Molina Garmendia founds the University of Concepción
Science
Enrique Molina Garmendia founded the university in Concepción on 14 May 1919 and became its first rector. He is described as its main promoter and aimed at the first secular university in Chile.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1919; the infobox, lead and body give 14 May 1919.
The Mexican poet, journalist and teacher Amado Nervo, born on 27 August 1870, died in Montevideo while serving as Mexican ambassador to Argentina and Uruguay. He was interred in Mexico City on 14 November 1919.
Brazil beats Uruguay in a play-off to win the South American Championship
Sport
Brazil and Uruguay finished level, so a play-off at the Estadio das Laranjeiras in Rio de Janeiro decided the third South American Championship. Brazil won 1-0 after two periods of extra time, taking its first continental title.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1919 (year); the infobox and lead give May 29, 1919.
The Adhi Kot meteorite landed around midday on 1 May 1919 near the village of Adhi Kot, north of Nurpur station, in what was then Shahpur District. Its fall was observed, and it is an enstatite chondrite of type EH4.
Notes
Wikidata gives the year 1919; the lead and infobox give 1 May 1919.
Afghan troops crossed into British India close to where the Khyber Pass begins on its western side, and took Bagh. The new emir, Amanullah Khan, had declared jihad against the British, and the treaty signed on 8 August returned control of foreign affairs to the Afghans.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1919-05-06; lead and infobox give 3 May 1919 as the start. War ended 8 August 1919.
On 4 May 1919 students gathered at Tiananmen, angry at the government's feeble reaction to the Versailles decision letting Japan keep former German territories in Shandong. The demonstrations sparked nationwide protests and a surge of Chinese nationalism.
The government of the Republic of Armenia founded the university on 16 May 1919, and Yuri Ghambaryan was named its first rector. It was officially inaugurated on 31 January 1920 in Alexandropol, now Gyumri.
Notes
Established 16 May 1919 per the article; formal inauguration took place 31 January 1920.
Kelud, a 1730-metre stratovolcano on Java, erupted on 19 May 1919 at a 4 on the volcanic explosivity index. Mostly through hot mudflows, it killed 5110 people and destroyed about 9000 houses.
Notes
NOAA date 1919-05-19, no time of day given; the English Kelud article gives the same local date, 19 May 1919. Deaths (5110) and houses destroyed (9000) are NOAA's figures; the English Kelud article says an estimated 5,000 died, mostly through mudflows, and French Wikipedia says more than 5,000.
British squadron fights the Bolshevik fleet at Fort Alexandrovsky
War & conflict
Part of the British Caspian Squadron under Commodore David Norris fought the Bolshevik fleet at the naval base of Fort Alexandrovsky on the Caspian Sea. The British had more auxiliary cruisers, which outweighed the Soviet submarines and destroyer.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1919-05-21, matching the infobox and a caption dated May 21st 1919.
Sheykh Mahmud Barzanji launches his first Kurdish revolt
War & conflictMedium confidence
In May 1919 the Kurdish leader Sheykh Mahmud Barzanji rose against British-run authority in Iraq. He was imprisoned and exiled to India for a year, and later rebelled again and proclaimed himself ruler of a Kurdish kingdom.
Notes
The infobox gives May-June 1919 for the first revolt; Wikidata gives May 1919 as start and July 1924 as end. Wikidata's place and region (France, Europe) appear to be errors.
Greek landing at Smyrna begins the Greco-Turkish War
War & conflict
Greece and the Turkish National Movement fought as the Ottoman Empire was carved up after the First World War. It began when Greek forces landed at Smyrna, now Izmir. The Greek front collapsed in August 1922, and Smyrna was retaken amid a great fire.
Notes
Greek Wikipedia dates the landing at Smyrna to 15 May 1919 and marks 2 May as the Old Style date, so 15 May is the Gregorian date. Part of the Turkish War of Independence. Lead and infobox both give the war as ending 14 October 1922.
The Turkish National Movement fought campaigns and a revolution once the defeated Ottoman Empire had been occupied and divided up. A Greek force occupying Smyrna inflamed sectarian tensions and began the war. The revolution ended the sultanate and caliphate and established the Republic of Turkey.
Notes
Lead and infobox give 15 May 1919 as the start, the day of the Greek landing at Smyrna; Greek Wikipedia marks 2 May as the Old Style date of that landing, so 15 May is Gregorian. Wikidata gives 1919-05-19; the four-day gap is a different choice of starting event, not a calendar shift. End given as 24 July 1923 in the lead and 11 October 1922 in the infobox.
After landing at Izmir and taking Bornova and Karsiyaka, Greek forces pushed toward Urla on the Karaburun Peninsula and entered the town. The fighting came early in the Greco-Turkish War.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1919-05-17; the infobox gives 16-17 May 1919. Ottoman civil dates had followed Gregorian days since March 1917. Turkish Wikipedia also gives 16-17 May 1919, the days after the Greek landing at Smyrna.
Total solar eclipse of 29 May 1919 is photographed to test Einstein's theory
Science
British astronomers sent one group to Brazil and another to the west coast of Africa to photograph stars during totality. The photographs showed that the Sun bends starlight, supporting Einstein's theory of relativity.
Notes
The Eddington experiment is the subject of the expeditions.
In June 1919 voters on Åland signed a petition in either a yes column or a no column on joining Sweden. A large majority backed it, but the vote had no legal effect, and in 1921 the League of Nations left Åland under Finnish sovereignty.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1 June 1919, which the source ties to the Lagting's approving vote; the referendum itself is dated June 1919.
Spain voted for the Congress of Deputies on 1 June 1919 and for the Senate on 15 June, after Antonio Maura could not win parliamentary backing. No group won a majority, and a Conservative minority government under Joaquin Sanchez de Toca followed.
Notes
Congress vote 1 June 1919, Senate vote 15 June 1919. Wikidata gives 1919-06-01. The lead calls the Datists the largest faction, but the results table and French Wikipedia show the Maurists with more seats, so neither is named as largest.
André Citroën founded his car company on 4 June 1919. The first production Type A left the Quai de Javel factory in Paris at the end of May, and a new 10HP model reached its first buyer on 7 July.
On 6 June 1919 Il Popolo d'Italia printed the manifesto setting out the aims of Mussolini's Fasci Italiani di Combattimento. Alceste de Ambris and Filippo Tommaso Marinetti co-wrote it, and it covered political, social, military and financial goals.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1919-06-06. The founding meeting that inspired the text was on 23 March 1919.
Chortkiv offensive begins in the Polish-Ukrainian War
War & conflict
The Ukrainian Galician Army counterattacked Polish forces, and the outnumbered Ukrainians at first won tactical successes along the whole front. Ammunition ran short, and a Polish counterattack drove them back over the Zbruch river.
Notes
The offensive ran 7-28 June 1919; a Polish counteroffensive followed from 28 June to 18 July 1919 per the infobox.
Latvia formed an Air Group on 7 June 1919 during its War of Independence. It first flew on 5 August and flew its first bombing mission on 26 August, using aircraft seized from defeated Russo-German forces.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1919-06-07, matching the history text. The air force was re-established in 1992.
On the morning of 10 June 1919 the 2nd Infantry Brigade made a demonstration attack on Zvolen, opening the Czechoslovak counteroffensive against the Hungarian Soviet Republic. The reorganised army captured Banska Stiavnica and Zvolen.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1919-06-10 to 1919-06-13, matching the infobox.
This brief communist state covered part of southeastern Slovakia, with Prešov as its capital. The Czech journalist Antonín Janoušek established and headed it. It was inspired by the Hungarian Soviet Republic and relied on Budapest.
Notes
Proclaimed 16 June 1919 and ended 7 July 1919 with the Hungarian withdrawal. Wikidata gives 1919-06-16.
Canadian soldiers from the Woodcote Park Convalescent Hospital stormed the Epsom police station after two comrades were arrested over a pub disturbance. Station Sergeant Thomas Green was injured and died the next day.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1919-06-17. Sergeant Green died on 18 June 1919.
The Salerno club was founded in 1919 as Unione Sportiva Salernitana. It has been reconstituted three times, most recently in 2011, when it restarted in Serie D.
Notes
The infobox gives 19 June 1919; the lead and body give 1919 only. Wikidata gives 1919.
White forces took the important industrial city of Kharkiv from the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War. General May-Mayevsky's Volunteer Army main forces had closed in on the city in late June, as preparation for an advance on Moscow.
Notes
The operation ran 20-25 June 1919. Russia used the Gregorian calendar by this date. Wikidata gives 1919.
The Hungarian painter Tivadar Csontvary Kosztka, born Mihaly Tivadar Kosztka on 5 July 1853, died in Budapest. His work resembles that of the Post-Impressionists, and it is held at the Hungarian National Gallery and the Csontvary Museum in Pecs.
German sailors scuttle the High Seas Fleet at Scapa Flow
War & conflict
Admiral Ludwig von Reuter, fearing British seizure of the interned ships, signalled the fleet to stand by around 10:00 a.m. on the day the treaty signing was set for noon. British guard ships beached some vessels, but 52 of the 74 interned ships sank.
Inter-Allied Games open at Pershing Stadium near Paris
Sport
From 22 June to 6 July 1919, athletes who were serving or had served in the war competed in a single multi-sport meeting just outside Paris. US forces and the YMCA built the stadium, and the United States gave it to France afterwards.
Notes
The infobox gives opening 22 June 1919; the lead gives 22 June to 6 July 1919.
The 39th Wimbledon was the first held after a four-year break caused by the First World War. Gerald Patterson won the men's singles, and Suzanne Lenglen won the women's singles and, with Elizabeth Ryan, the women's doubles.
Notes
The lead and infobox give 23 June to 7 July 1919. Wikidata gives an end date of 8 July.
The Russian-Italian botanist died in Voronezh on 26 June 1919 of a long-running throat inflammation. His surname is Russian for 'colour', and his gravestone credits him with inventing chromatography.
Notes
Wikidata gives Voronezh; the infobox gives Voronezh, Russian SFSR. The date is 1919, after Russia adopted the Gregorian calendar.
Treaty of Versailles is signed between Germany and the Allies
Politics & diplomacy
The treaty signed at the Palace of Versailles formally ended war between Germany and most of its enemies. Germany, kept out of the talks, had to disarm, cede territory and pay reparations, and its Article 231, blaming Germany and its allies for the losses, earned the name War Guilt clause.
The 1919 Tour de France begins, the first after the First World War
Sport
Firmin Lambot of Belgium won the 13th Tour. Eugene Christophe wore the newly introduced yellow jersey first but lost his chance of winning when his fork broke, and wartime damage to French roads made riding hard.
Notes
Infobox gives 29 June – 27 July 1919. First stage ran Paris to Le Havre.
Karl Brugmann, a German linguist born on 16 March 1849, died in Leipzig, where he had been professor of Sanskrit and comparative linguistics until 1919. He helped found the Neogrammarian school and is best known for work on Indo-European linguistics.
The British physicist John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh, died at Witham in 1919. He had won the 1904 Nobel Prize in Physics for discovering argon and explained why the sky is blue.
Notes
Wikidata gives the place as Terling Place; the infobox and body give Witham, England.
· Algonquin Hotel, New York City, United States · North America
The Algonquin Round Table holds its first lunch
Art & literature
Writers, critics, actors and wits began lunching at the Algonquin Hotel in June 1919 after a practical joke by the press agent John Peter Toohey. They called themselves The Vicious Circle and kept meeting until about 1929.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1919 with an end of 1929. The group continued to about 1929.
Women backing the vote for women, organised by Alice Paul, had stood in front of the White House since 10 January 1917. They stopped when the Senate passed the Nineteenth Amendment on 4 June 1919.
Notes
The lead says the protests continued until 4 June 1919, when the Nineteenth Amendment passed both houses. Wikidata gives the year 1919.
The company was incorporated on 6 June 1919, bringing together bankrupt railways that had fallen into government hands with lines the government already owned. It stayed a Crown corporation until privatisation in 1995.
Notes
The infobox gives founded 6 June 1919; Wikidata matches.
Villa attacks Ciudad Juarez in the last big battle of his rebels
War & conflict
Pancho Villa tried to seize Ciudad Juarez from the Mexican Army. His attack provoked US troops guarding El Paso to step in and rout the Villistas, ending the Border War.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1919 with start 1919-06-15 and end 1919-06-16; the infobox gives June 15-16, 1919.
Charlie Chaplin's short film Sunnyside is released
Stage, music & film
Charlie Chaplin wrote, directed and starred in Sunnyside, his third film for First National Pictures, with Edna Purviance and Henry Bergman in the cast. A nymph dance in its dream sequence has been read as honouring or mocking a Nijinsky ballet.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1919; the infobox gives 15 June 1919.
Battle of Ciudad Juarez ends the Mexican Border War
War & conflictMedium confidence
American and Mexican troops clashed near El Paso, Texas, on 16 June 1919, in a fight regarded as the last battle of the Border War between US forces and Mexican factions.
Notes
The infobox date range ends 16 June 1919; a body sentence gives the same day for the Battle of Ciudad Juárez, 'considered the last battle'. Wikidata gives end 1919 (year).
· Philadelphia and New York City, United States · North America
The 1919 U.S. National Championships are played in two parts
SportMedium confidence
This was the 39th edition of the U.S. National Championships, now called the US Open, and the second Grand Slam tournament of 1919. The women played on grass at the Philadelphia Cricket Club in June, and the men at the West Side Tennis Club in Forest Hills in late summer.
Notes
Women's event 16-20 June 1919 at the Philadelphia Cricket Club (Chestnut Hill); men's event 26 August to 4 September 1919 at Forest Hills (West Side Tennis Club). The lead places the whole tournament at Forest Hills, but the infobox splits the venues and French Wikipedia agrees. Wikidata gives only 1919.
A group of friends from earlier teams called Electra and Once de Abril formed the multisport club in Alajuela, Costa Rica, in 1919. It is best known for its football team, which plays at the Estadio Alejandro Morera Soto.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1919; the infobox gives 18 June 1919.
Joseph Medill Patterson launched the tabloid on 24 June 1919. It started slowly, passed 100,000 copies by its first anniversary and later became the New York Daily News.
Notes
The infobox gives 24 June 1919 (as Illustrated Daily News); the body gives the same launch date.
Railway workers found Central Cordoba de Santiago del Estero
Sport
A group of railway workers founded the club and named it after the Cordoba Central Railway. Its nickname is El Ferroviario, meaning The Railroad, and its football team now plays in the Argentine Primera Division.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1919; the infobox gives 3 June 1919.
Republic of Aras in Nakhchivan ends as Armenian troops move in
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
Armenian troops took the region around mid-June 1919 during the Aras War, ending the short-lived Republic of Aras. That prompted an Azerbaijani and Ottoman advance, and Armenia lost the region again before August.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1919-06-26; the lead gives mid-June 1919 as when Armenian troops ended the republic, while the infobox gives the end as 18 August. Month stored.
Armenian and Aras forces fight the Battle of Nakhchivan
War & conflictMedium confidence
In mid-June 1919 troops of the First Republic of Armenia under Drastamat Kanayan fought the Republic of Aras at Nakhchivan. The battle was decisive in forcing the Republic of Aras to capitulate and be annexed by Armenia.
Notes
Calendar not stated in source. Only mid-June 1919 is stated. Wikidata gives 1919-06.
Armed irregulars and soldiers killed Armenian civilians in the villages of Ghaibalishen, Jamilli, Karkijahan and Pahlul in Nagorno-Karabakh. From 600 to 700 ethnic Armenians were murdered, including women and children, and the villages were destroyed.
Notes
The killings ran 5-7 June 1919. Wikidata gives 1919-06-05 with an end of 1919-06-07.
Voting ran from 21 to 23 June 1919, with the Hunchaks and the Populists boycotting. The Armenian Revolutionary Federation won by a landslide, taking 72 of the 80 seats.
A Greek detachment occupied Bergama on 12 June 1919, Turkish forces drove it out on 15 June, and a Greek counterattack won the town back on 20 June, pushing the Turks toward Soma. The fighting came early in the Greco-Turkish War.
Notes
Turkish Wikipedia, from the Ottoman side, which used Gregorian days from March 1917, gives 15-19 June 1919, so the 15 June start is Gregorian rather than a Julian reading. The English infobox and lead give 15 to 20 June; Wikidata gives an end of 1919-06-19 and 1919-06-20 as its main date. The 12 June occupation came before the battle.
Yoruk Ali Efe's band raids the Malgac railway bridge
War & conflict
On 16 June 1919 Yoruk Ali Efe and his fighters attacked the Malgac railway bridge, which the Greeks used to move military equipment toward Nazilli. The bridge and its guard station were destroyed.
Notes
Ottoman civil dates had followed Gregorian days since March 1917. The lead gives 16 June 1919 and the infobox 15 to 16 June 1919; Turkish Wikipedia and Wikidata give 16 June 1919.
Businessmen, among them the philanthropist Isaac Leib Goldberg, set up the newspaper on 18 June 1919 under the name Hadashot Ha'aretz, meaning News of the Land. Socialist-oriented Zionists from Russia took over a paper of that name from 1918.
Notes
The lead says Haaretz was founded in 1918; a body sentence says it was first published in 1918 under British military sponsorship and established on 18 June 1919 by businessmen. The infobox and Wikidata give 1919.
Turkish revolutionaries resisted the Allied partition of the Ottoman Empire after its defeat in the First World War. Mustafa Kemal Pasha was the leader and chief spokesman. Conferences across Anatolia and Thrace in 1919 brought the movement into being.
Notes
The infobox gives active dates of 22 June 1919 to 29 October 1923, while the lead says only that it was created in 1919 through several conferences. The excerpt gives Western dates, and no Rumi date was shown.
Greek army attacks Turkish irregulars at Tellidede near Aydin
War & conflictMedium confidence
On 25 June 1919 Greek troops attacked Turkish irregular forces around Aydin, striking positions along a line through Ovaemir, Yenikoy and Kadikoy. The Greek side won, and Selami Bey commanded the Turks.
Notes
Turkish Wikipedia, from the Ottoman side, which used Gregorian days from March 1917, gives 24-29 June 1919, overlapping the English infobox's 25-26 June, so no 13-day Old Style shift is indicated. The 26 June end comes only from the English infobox. Wikidata gives 1919-06-25 to 1919-06-26.
· Aydın, Ottoman Empire (now Turkey) · Middle East
Battle of Aydın in the Greco-Turkish War
War & conflict
A series of clashes in and around Aydın, running from 27 June to 4 July 1919, belonged to the first phase of the Greco-Turkish War. The Greek Army's advance into the Menderes Valley met resistance from local Turkish irregulars, and the result was a Greek victory.
Notes
The battle ran 27 June to 4 July 1919. The excerpt gives Western dates and no Rumi date; Wikidata gives 1919-06-27 with an end of 1919-07-04.
· St. John's, Newfoundland, to Clifden, Ireland · At sea
Alcock and Brown make the first non-stop transatlantic flight
Exploration
John Alcock and Arthur Brown, British aviators, crossed in a Vickers Vimy, a First World War bomber they had modified, from Lester's Field to Clifden, County Galway, and won the Daily Mail's 10,000 pound prize. Almost 200 letters went along. King George V knighted both a week later.
Notes
Took off about 1:45 pm on 14 June 1919 and landed at 8:40 am on 15 June 1919; date_end is the landing day.
League of Nations mandate system is created under Article 22 of the Covenant
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
A mandate was a special legal status for territories passed from one nation to another after the First World War, with terms for running them set for the League of Nations. Germany's colonies were allotted among the Allies, and Ottoman lands followed in 1920.
Notes
Lead gives two dates: Covenant signed 28 June 1919, entered into force 10 January 1920. Wikidata gives 1919-06-28. Class A mandates were created in 1920 and confirmed in 1922.
Max Weber's Politics as a Vocation is printed in a longer version
Art & literatureMedium confidence
Max Weber's essay grew out of a lecture he gave in Munich on 28 January 1919 to the Free Students Union of Bavaria, during the German Revolution. A longer version of the text was printed in July 1919.
Notes
Two dates: the lecture on 28 January 1919 and the extended publication in July 1919. The record uses the publication month. Wikidata gives 1919.
The Kingdom of Finland ends as the republic is established
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
Prince Friedrich Karl of Hesse was elected king of Finland in October 1918 but never took the throne or travelled to Finland, and renounced it in December 1918. Republicans won the March 1919 election, and Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg became the republic's first president in July.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1919-07-17; the infobox gives 29 July 1919 as the end date, so the month is stored.
Osram is formed from three German lighting businesses
Economy & tradeMedium confidence
Auergesellschaft, Siemens & Halske and AEG combined their electric-lamp production to form Osram in 1919. The name comes from osmium and Wolfram, the German word for tungsten.
Notes
The English infobox gives 1 July 1919, while the lead and body give 1919. German Wikipedia says this founding date and the start of the first business year were fixed retroactively to 1 July 1919, so the day is a formal date. Wikidata gives 1919-07-01.
· Don Host Oblast, Donbass and central Russia · Europe
White Army begins its advance on Moscow
War & conflict
In July 1919 the White Armed Forces of South Russia launched a campaign to capture Moscow, which Denikin believed would decide the civil war. It took Poltava and Kursk, but Red counterattacks beat it in autumn.
Notes
The infobox gives 3 July - 18 November 1919; Wikidata gives only the end date, 18 November 1919.
· Little Stretton, Leicestershire, England · Europe
Bella Wright is shot dead, beginning the Green Bicycle Case
Everyday life
Bella Wright was found shot near Little Stretton, Leicestershire, with a single bullet wound to the face. She had been seen cycling that evening with a man on a green bicycle. Ronald Light, a mathematics teacher, was tried and acquitted.
Magnus Hirschfeld's Institute for Sexual Science opens in Berlin
Science
The private non-profit institute opened in the Tiergarten district on 6 July 1919, with Hirschfeld heading it. It studied and treated sexual and gender matters, and after the Nazis took power youth brigades burned its books in the street.
Notes
The institute was inaugurated with a speech by Hirschfeld on 1 July 1919 and opened on 6 July 1919. Wikidata gives opening 6 July 1919 and a dissolution date of 6 May 1933; the infobox says dissolved 1934.
Kholodny Yar Republic is founded in the Chyhyryn area
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
The self-proclaimed Kholodny Yar Republic was a partisan state in the forests of the Chyhyryn district, with Melnyky as its capital. Its army had 15,000 peasants and soldiers of the defeated Ukrainian People's Republic army.
Notes
The day, 7 July 1919, comes only from the infobox; the lead and history section give only the year. Wikidata gives 1919.
On 9 July 1919 a North Ingrian Caretaker Committee headed by Santeri Termonen was elected as the government of the Republic of Kirjasalo. Ingrian refugees from Bolshevik Russia set it up, and its flag came down on 6 December 1920.
Notes
The lead gives the end as 5/6 December 1920; the infobox gives 5 December; the history text has a mourning event on 5 December and the flag lowering on 6 December 1920. Wikidata gives 1919.
Hugo Riemann, a German musicologist and composer born on 18 July 1849, died in Leipzig. Described as Europe's foremost music scholar of his day, he worked as both theorist and historian.
The German chemist, who won the 1902 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, died in Berlin in July 1919. He developed the Fischer projection and put forward the lock-and-key idea of how enzymes act.
Poland secures Eastern Galicia, ending the Polish-Ukrainian War
War & conflictMedium confidence
Polish forces secured the contested land on 18 July 1919. Poland's Second Republic had fought Ukrainian forces from the Ukrainian People's Republic and the West Ukrainian one, and Poland dissolved and annexed the West Ukrainian People's Republic.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1919-07-17. Infobox gives the war as 1 November 1918 – 18 July 1919.
· Grenoble to Geneva, France and Switzerland · Europe
Eugène Christophe wears the first yellow jersey, per the race's official history
SportMedium confidence
On the stage from Grenoble to Geneva, Eugène Christophe became the first to wear the yellow jersey, according to the race's official history. Since 1919 the overall leader of the race has worn it.
Notes
The date follows the official history. Philippe Thys later recalled being given a yellow jersey in 1913, and the excerpt says this cannot be settled. The candidate category architecture was changed to sport.
Léonide Massine choreographed the ballet to music by Manuel de Falla. Sergei Diaghilev commissioned it and Pablo Picasso designed the sets and costumes. It premiered at the Alhambra Theatre and uses simplified Spanish dance in place of classical ballet technique.
International Astronomical Union is founded in Brussels
Science
The International Astronomical Union came into being in Brussels on 28 July 1919, growing out of a founding assembly of the International Research Council. Benjamin Baillaud served as its first president.
Notes
Wikidata gives the year 1919 only; the lead and infobox give the day.
Troops of the new South Slav state and of German-Austria fought in southeastern Carinthia over where the border should run. The peace conference ordered Yugoslav troops to pull back by 31 July 1919, and a 1920 plebiscite assigned the territory to Austria.
Notes
The infobox gives 23 November 1918 - 31 July 1919; the body says a ceasefire was agreed early in 1919 and broken on 29 April, and that Yugoslav troops were ordered to leave the northern Klagenfurt basin by 31 July. The Treaty of Saint-Germain was signed on 10 September 1919 and the plebiscite held on 10 October 1920. Wikidata gives 1919 (year).
· Moylan, Pennsylvania, United States · North America
Anna Howard Shaw dies
Lives
Anna Howard Shaw led the American movement for women's right to vote. She was also a physician and among the first women ordained as Methodist ministers in the U.S. During the First World War she headed the Women's Committee of the U.S. Council of National Defense.
Notes
Wikidata gives the place as Nether Providence Township; the infobox gives Moylan, Pennsylvania.
Black Buffalo Soldiers of the 10th Cavalry fought local police in Bisbee, Arizona, after a clash between a military policeman and several soldiers grew into a street battle. Police arrested at least fifty soldiers, eight people were badly hurt and a bystander died.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1919-07-03, matching the infobox and lead.
· Chicago, Illinois, United States · North America
Wingfoot Air Express airship crashes into a Chicago bank
Disasters
A Goodyear blimp ferrying passengers between Grant Park and the White City amusement park caught fire and crashed into a bank building in Chicago. A crew member, two passengers and ten bank workers were killed.
An armed conflict in Honduras in 1919, also called the Revolution of 19, ended with the United Rebel Army winning and President Francisco Bertrand being overthrown. The rebels attacked Gracias on 11 August and then besieged Santa Rosa de Copán.
Notes
The war ran 23 July to 17 September 1919 per the infobox. Parts of the source text are unclear in places. Wikidata gives 1919-07-23 with an end of 1919-09-17.
· Chicago, Illinois, United States · North America
Chicago race riot of 1919 begins
Politics & diplomacy
The violence began on Chicago's South Side, lasting from 27 July to 3 August and leaving 38 dead, 23 black and 15 white. Most of the 1,000 to 2,000 people made homeless were black. It is considered the worst of the Red Summer riots.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1919-08-03, the day the riot ended; infobox and lead give July 27 – August 3, 1919.
Brazil and Argentina play a benefit match for Roberto Chery
Sport
Brazil and Argentina played a friendly at the Estadio das Laranjeiras on 1 July 1919 to honour Uruguayan goalkeeper Roberto Chery, who had died in Rio at 23. Argentina replaced Uruguay's players, who declined to take part.
Notes
Wikidata gives the year 1919; the lead and infobox give 1 July 1919.
On 4 July 1919 Augusto B. Leguia, former president and president-elect, led a coup against the departing Jose Pardo y Barreda government, backed by Lima's gendarmerie. He feared his victory would not be recognised.
Notes
The coup happened in the early hours of 4 July 1919 at the Government Palace in Lima. Wikidata, the lead and the infobox agree.
Four students, among them Saburo Tanaka, founded Kinema Junpo at the Tokyo Institute of Technology, and its first issue is dated 11 July 1919. It is Japan's oldest film magazine and at first covered mainly foreign films.
Notes
Wikidata, the infobox and the cover caption agree on 11 July 1919.
Itagaki Taisuke, a samurai from Tosa Domain turned politician, died in Tokyo. He led the Freedom and People's Rights Movement, out of which came the Liberal Party, Japan's first political party.
Notes
Wikidata place is Shibakoen; the infobox says Tokyo.
British ultimatum ends the first Saudi-Hashemite war
War & conflictMedium confidence
After Ikhwan forces wiped out a Hashemite army at Turaba in late May 1919, Ibn Saud gathered troops there to advance on Hejaz. A British ultimatum on 4 July made him stand down, leaving a ceasefire that held until 1924.
Notes
The infobox gives July 1918 to 4 July 1919 for the war; the body dates the Turaba battle to 25-26 May 1919 and the British ultimatum to 4 July 1919. Wikidata gives the end date, 4 July 1919.
Edmund Hillary was born on 20 July 1919 in Auckland, New Zealand. He became a mountaineer, explorer and philanthropist, and in May 1953 stood with Tenzing Norgay among the first climbers confirmed on Everest's summit.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1919-07-20, matching the lead and infobox.
· North Sea and English Channel approaches to Germany · At sea
Allied naval blockade of Germany ends
War & conflictMedium confidence
The Entente blockade ran from 1914 to 1919, restricting sea supplies to Germany and the other Central Powers. The last remaining restrictions were lifted on 12 July 1919, after Germany signed the Treaty of Versailles. A 1928 study put the German civilian toll at 424,000, against the 763,000 claimed in December 1918.
Notes
The article says the last remaining limits were removed on 12 July 1919, and Wikidata gives 1919-07-12 for the end. The infobox lists the Atlantic and Mediterranean as locations, but the body describes the British closing of the North Sea and the English Channel against Germany, so the place follows the body.
Józef Piłsudski planned to overthrow Lithuania's government and replace it with a cabinet friendly to Poland, which would accept a union with Poland. Too few Lithuanians would cooperate, and Lithuanian intelligence uncovered the plot after the Sejny Uprising.
Notes
The infobox gives August-September 1919 and the lead says the coup was planned for August; Wikidata gives September 1919. The first coup date was put back to 1 September 1919 and a second attempt set for the end of September.
Poland's Sejm adopts the white-and-red flag as the national flag
Politics & diplomacy
On 1 August 1919 the Sejm made a white-and-red bicolour, with two equal horizontal stripes, white above red, the national flag. The colours had been formally chosen back in 1831.
The rank of air marshal came into use in August 1919, when the RAF adopted its own rank titles rather than borrowing Royal Navy ranks with 'air' added. Sir Hugh Trenchard was the first to hold it, on 11 August.
Notes
The infobox gives formation 1 August 1919 and Wikidata gives the same; the history text says only August 1919 and dates Trenchard's promotion to 11 August 1919.
On 2 August 1919 a Caproni Ca.48 passenger plane crashed at Verona with no survivors, and sources give the toll as 14 to 17. It had flown safely from Milan to Venice earlier that morning.
Hungary and Romania fought from 13 November 1918 until 3 August 1919. After Hungary's prime minister had disarmed its army, the Allies meant Romanian and other forces to occupy parts of the country, and Romania sought land promised in 1916, including Transylvania.
Notes
Romania moved to the Gregorian calendar in 1919 (31 March was followed by 14 April), and Hungary already used it, so 3 August 1919 is Gregorian. The lead dates the war from 13 November 1918, so 3 August 1919 is its end. Wikidata gives 1919-08-03. French Wikipedia covers only the 1919 phase and dates it 15 April to 2 August 1919.
The Polish Army took Minsk from the Red Army during the Polish-Soviet War, two days after taking Slutsk. General Stanisław Szeptycki commanded the Polish units. Polish troops also attacked and killed Jews suspected of supporting the Bolsheviks.
Notes
The lead says Minsk was taken around 8 August 1919 and the infobox gives early August; the body says 8 August 1919. Wikidata gives 1919.
On 6 August 1919 Istvan Friedrich ousted Gyula Peidl's government in a coup backed by the Royal Romanian Army, starting a brief Hungarian Republic. It lasted until 29 February 1920, when parliament restored the monarchy.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1919-08-08, matching the infobox start; the coup that preceded it is dated 6 August 1919 in the history text and infobox. The end, 29 February 1920, is the date the monarchy was restored.
The German zoologist discovered and named thousands of new species, drew a family tree relating all life forms, and coined terms including ecology and phylum. He championed Darwin's ideas in Germany and also promoted scientific racism.
The Italian opera composer and librettist died at Montecatini Terme in August 1919. His 1892 opera Pagliacci stayed his lasting work, while his own La bohème was overshadowed by Puccini's.
Red Army Southern Front counterattacks Denikin's army
War & conflict
The Red Army's Southern Front attacked Anton Denikin's White Guard troops in two offensive groups, with the main blow aimed at the Don region. The Reds failed in their task, but the attacks delayed Denikin's own offensive.
Notes
The operation ran 14 August to 12 September 1919. Russia used the Gregorian calendar by this date. Wikidata gives 1919.
The 1871 constitution of the German Empire is replaced by the Weimar Constitution
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
The empire's basic law, in force since 4 May 1871, had lost its practical force in the November Revolution of 1918. It formally lasted until 14 August 1919, when the Weimar Constitution replaced it.
Notes
Lead says the constitution lapsed in practice during the 1918 November Revolution yet lasted formally to 14 August 1919; Wikidata also gives 1918-11-09. Infobox gives date_repealed 14 August 1919.
Three uprisings took place in Upper Silesia between August 1919 and July 1921, when the region belonged to the Weimar Republic. Insurgents of Polish and Polish-Silesian background fought German police and paramilitaries, and the area was later divided between Poland and Germany.
Notes
Infobox gives the first uprising as 16–26 August 1919; Wikidata gives 1919-08-26. The whole series ran to 21 July 1921.
From 20 to 24 August 1919, White forces of South Russia landed from the sea and defeated Red Army troops and the Odessa garrison. The Whites held the city until the Red Army retook it on 8 February 1920.
Notes
The operation ran 20-24 August 1919. Wikidata gives only 1919.
The British tennis player Laurence Doherty died of toxemia in Broadstairs, Kent, after two years of kidney and bladder illness. He had won six Grand Slam titles and, at the 1900 Olympics, gold in both singles and doubles.
The German liberal politician and Protestant pastor died at Travemünde on 24 August 1919. After the war he helped found the German Democratic Party and sat in the Weimar National Assembly.
White Army forces took Kiev from the Red Army without a fight during the Russian Civil War. Ukrainian People's Army units came in at the same time but were beaten. The Bolsheviks retook the city in December 1919.
Notes
The lead gives 30 August 1919 with 18 August marked Old Style, although 18 August Old Style would be 31 August New Style. The infobox gives 30-31 August, its photo caption shows White troops entering on 31 August, and French Wikipedia gives 31 August. Wikidata gives 1919-08-18, the Old Style date. The exact day is uncertain, so the range 30-31 August is stored.
Newly independent Lithuania and Soviet Russia went to war after the First World War. From mid-May 1919 General Silvestras Zukauskas pushed the Soviets back to the Latvian border, and cornered forces near Zarasai kept resisting through late August.
Notes
Infobox gives the war as 12 December 1918 – 31 August 1919; the lead notes the fronts held until January 1920 and the peace treaty followed on 12 July 1920. Wikidata gives 1919-08.
Lucy Maud Montgomery's Rainbow Valley centres on Anne Shirley's six children and the minister John Meredith's children. It is the seventh book in the Anne of Green Gables chronology but the fifth to be published.
Notes
The month comes only from the infobox release field. Wikidata gives 1919.
Zorro debuts in Johnston McCulley's The Curse of Capistrano
Art & literatureMedium confidence
The masked hero Zorro, in life Don Diego de la Vega, a young Californio nobleman, first appeared in a story that ran in five weekly parts in the pulp magazine All-Story Weekly, from 9 August to 6 September 1919.
Notes
Infobox gives only 'August 1919'; the day comes from the body sentence on the five-part serialization between August 9 and September 6, 1919. Wikidata gives 1919.
· Lenox, Massachusetts, United States · North America
Andrew Carnegie dies
Lives
The Scottish-American industrialist and philanthropist, born in Dunfermline, died in Lenox, Massachusetts. He sold Carnegie Steel to J. P. Morgan in 1901, and in his final 18 years gave away nearly 90 percent of his wealth.
· Green Bay, Wisconsin, United States · North America
Green Bay Packers are founded
Sport
Earl 'Curly' Lambeau and George Whitney Calhoun founded the Packers in 1919. The team played semi-professional clubs from Wisconsin and the Midwest before joining the forerunner of the NFL in 1921.
Notes
Day taken from the infobox established field; the lead gives 1919. Wikidata gives the year 1919.
Wilson abolishes the Committee on Public Information
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
President Wilson abolished the Committee on Public Information by executive order on 21 August 1919. The Creel Committee, built to rally support for the war, passed its records to the Council of National Defense.
Notes
The article also says Congress formally disestablished the committee on 30 June 1919; the infobox and executive order give 21 August 1919. Wikidata gives 1919.
· Knoxville, Tennessee, United States · North America
Lynch mob and rioters turn on Knoxville after failing to find Maurice Mays
War & conflictMedium confidence
A lynch mob stormed the county jail hunting Maurice Mays and, not finding him, looted it and fought a gun battle with people from a largely black district. The Tennessee National Guard eventually dispersed the rioters.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1919-08-31; the infobox and lead give August 30-31, 1919. The death toll is disputed (the infobox gives about 7, with reports from 2 to 30).
Armenian rouble is introduced as Armenia's own currency
Economy & tradeMedium confidence
The First Republic of Armenia used it as its own money, taking over from the first Transcaucasian ruble at equal value. It had no smaller units and came only as paper notes, printed by Waterlow and Sons.
Notes
Infobox gives introduction in August 1919; lead gives the currency's life as 1919 to 1923.
Azerbaijan's army carries out the Lankaran operation
War & conflictMedium confidence
Azerbaijan's army corps moved into the south of the country to secure it against partisans, Bolsheviks and the White Army. After the White Army attacked on the night of 10 August, the Azerbaijani side won and gained complete control of the region.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1919 (year). The lead places the operation in August 1919; the detachment's return on 3 September 1919 is also stated. Infobox gives only 1919.
Azerbaijan Democratic Republic founds its navy on the Caspian Sea
War & conflict
The government of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic set up its naval force on 5 August 1919, building it from the former Russian Imperial fleet in the Azerbaijani part of the Caspian.
Notes
Wikidata gives the year 1919; the day comes from the history section. English Wikipedia's article on the Transcaucasian federation says the region moved to the Gregorian calendar in early 1918, so the date needs no conversion.
Britain and the Emirate of Afghanistan signed the treaty, also called the Treaty of Rawalpindi, at Rawalpindi, ending the Third Anglo-Afghan War. The Afghans accepted the terms only reluctantly.
In August 1919 Britain's foreign secretary presented Persia with an agreement that promised Britain access to every Iranian oilfield. In return Britain offered a British-trained army, a loan, a revised customs tariff and railway building.
Notes
Persia is flagged for calendar check; only the month is stored. The Majlis denounced the agreement on 22 June 1921. Wikidata gives August 1919.
South Africa's first prime minister after union died of heart failure at home in Pretoria before dawn on 27 August 1919, after a bout of Spanish influenza. He had fought as a Boer and sat in the British Empire Delegation at Versailles.
Gabriele D'Annunzio seizes Fiume and declares it annexed to Italy
War & conflictMedium confidence
Italy and the new Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes both claimed Rijeka after the war, and Allied forces, mostly Italian, had occupied it from November 1918. In September 1919 the writer and nationalist D'Annunzio took the city.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1919-09-12; month stored from the lead's reference to September 1919.
In September 1919 the Jewish population of Fastov, now Fastiv in Ukraine, suffered a massacre in a pogrom during the Russian Civil War. The town's Jewish civilians were the victims, and White Army units carried it out.
Notes
Casualty estimates in the infobox differ widely, so no figure is given. Wikidata gives 1919-09.
Uzun-Hajji declared an independent Islamic monarchy across Dagestan, Chechnya and Ingushetia, with Vedeno as its temporary capital. He placed it under the protection of Ottoman Sultan Mehmed VI, and it issued its own currency, the tumen.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1919; the lead and infobox give September 1919 as the start. Infobox shows the end as March (1920).
Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye is signed with Austria
Politics & diplomacy
The victorious Allies signed the treaty with the Republic of German-Austria in the chateau at Saint-Germain-en-Laye. South Tyrol and Trentino went to Italy, and Austrian Silesia was divided between Czech and Polish parts.
The Russian playwright and novelist died at Mustamäki, Finland, in September 1919. He is considered a father of expressionism in Russian literature, and wrote He Who Gets Slapped (1915), now seen as his best work.
Notes
Wikidata gives the place as Gorkovskoye, Russia; the infobox gives Mustamäki, Finland.
Greek newspaper Kathimerini publishes its first issue
Art & literatureLow confidence
Georgios Vlachos, a prominent antivenizelist, founded Kathimerini, which put out its first issue on 15 September 1919. It began hard-line conservative, later broadened its outlook, and now has the highest circulation in Greece.
Notes
Calendar not stated in source. Greece still used the Julian calendar in 1919, so the date may be Old Style; read as given it is 15 September 1919, and if Old Style it would fall 13 days later in the Gregorian calendar. Wikidata gives 1919-09-15. If the source's date is Old Style (Julian), the Gregorian date would be 28 September 1919.
Latvia's cabinet adopts the regulation 'On the National Opera'
Stage, music & filmMedium confidence
On 23 September 1919 Latvia's Cabinet of Ministers adopted a regulation giving the Riga opera company national status. The company had formed in summer 1918 and been nationalised by the Bolsheviks on 9 February 1919.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1919 (and an alternative 2009-01-08). The article describes several 1918-1919 steps: Latvju opera's opening concert on 15 September 1918, the move on 23 January 1919, nationalisation on 9 February 1919 and the cabinet regulation on 23 September 1919. The building was completed in 1863 per the infobox. The cabinet regulation date is stored.
Clube de Futebol Os Belenenses, a sports club in Belém, Lisbon, best known for football, took its name from the neighbourhood. It won the 1945-46 Primeira Liga.
Notes
The infobox gives 23 September 1919; the lead gives 1919. Wikidata gives 1919.
Reggiana football club is founded in Reggio Emilia
Sport
Former footballers agreed to form the club on 25 September 1919 in the town's main square. Severino Taddei, a former Reggio F.C. player, brought the group together, and the club took the maroon and blue colours of Reggio F.C.
Notes
The infobox gives 25 September 1919; the lead gives 1919. Wikidata gives 1919.
Anarchists threw a bomb at a Moscow Communist Party committee meeting in Leontievsky Lane, killing 12 and injuring 55. Vladimir Zagorsky, secretary of the Moscow Committee, was among the dead.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1919-09-25, matching the article. Soviet Russia used the Gregorian calendar by 1919.
Makhnovists defeat the Volunteer Army at Perehonivka
War & conflict
The Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine turned east after a long retreat and surprised the Volunteer Army in September 1919. Within ten days it had won back its capital, Huliaipole.
Notes
The lead says September 1919; the infobox gives 26 September 1919, matching Wikidata.
The Spanish-Italian soprano died at Craig-y-Nos Castle in Wales on 27 September 1919. She had first sung in public as a child, in 1851.
Notes
Wikidata gives the place as Brecon; the infobox gives Craig-y-Nos Castle, Wales. French Wikipedia says she left the stage for good in 1906, while the English article gives her last performance before an audience as 1914.
The newly formed Northwestern Army attacked from Narva in 1919 to take the city where the October Revolution began, and won a string of victories. Trotsky came to Petrograd to rally its defenders, and the advance was thrown back.
Notes
The infobox gives 28 September - 14 November 1919; a body sentence says Yudenich launched the offensive on 28 September 1919. Wikidata gives the same range.
It was founded on 28 September 1919 as the Higher School of Latvia, on the base of the former Riga Polytechnic, which dated from 1862. Its Latin motto means for science and fatherland.
Notes
The infobox and lead give 1919; the body gives 28 September 1919. Wikidata gives 1919-09-28.
A tropical depression near the Leeward Islands tracked west-northwest through the Bahamas. It crossed the Dry Tortugas on 9-10 September at modern Category 4 strength, then came ashore near Baffin Bay, Texas, on 14 September.
Notes
Storm lasted from 2 September (formed) to 16 September 1919 (last noted over West Texas); German Wikipedia ends it on 14 September and calls the Texas landfall Category 4, where the English article says Category 3. The start date is when it formed. Wikidata gives only 1919 with end 1919-09-16.
· Wellesley Hills, Massachusetts, United States · North America
Babson Institute holds its first classes
Everyday life
Classes of the Babson Institute began on 3 September 1919 in Roger and Grace Babson's former home on Abbott Road in Wellesley Hills, Massachusetts. At first it granted one-year certificates. It later became Babson College, a private business school.
Boston police officers struck on 9 September 1919 for recognition of their union and better pay. Several nights of lawlessness followed until the State Guard restored order, and the strike ended when all strikers were replaced.
· Decatur, Illinois, United States · North America
Decatur Staleys, the future Chicago Bears, are founded
SportMedium confidence
The team began in Decatur, Illinois, as the works side of the starch maker A. E. Staley. It played independently in 1919 and won the Central Illinois Championship, before moving to Chicago in 1921.
Notes
The lead gives 20 September 1919 for the founding; the infobox 'established' date is 17 September 1920, when the club became professional. Wikidata gives the year 1919.
The American Federation of Labor assembled a coalition of 24 unions to organise workers at United States Steel. The strike began on 22 September 1919 and collapsed on 8 January 1920, defeated by resistance led by U.S. Steel's president, Elbert H. Gary.
Notes
Strike ran from 22 September 1919 to 8 January 1920. Wikidata gives a start of 1919-09-21.
On Sunday 28 September a large group of white youths marched on the Douglas County Courthouse, where Will Brown, a black civilian, was held. Rioters lynched him and burned the courthouse. The mob also tried to hang Mayor Edward Parsons Smith, who survived.
Notes
Riot ran 28-29 September 1919. Wikidata gives 1919-09-29 as start and end, with 1919-09-28 as another start date.
· Hoop Spur, Phillips County, Arkansas, United States · North America
Elaine massacre in Phillips County, Arkansas
Politics & diplomacy
As African Americans organised against peonage and tenant-farming abuses, white mobs, aided by federal troops, killed as many as several hundred Black people. More than 100 were indicted, and the 12 sentenced to death were eventually acquitted.
Notes
The lead gives 30 September to 2 October 1919; the infobox and Wikidata give 30 September. Death toll estimates differ widely.
The Parliament of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic founded the university on 1 September 1919. It opened with faculties grouped as history with philology, physics with mathematics, and law with medicine. Its first rector, V. I. Razumovsky, had taught surgery at Kazan University.
Notes
English Wikipedia's article on the Transcaucasian federation says the region moved to the Gregorian calendar in early 1918, so 1 September 1919 is Gregorian.
Armenia's National Assembly founds the History Museum of Armenia
Everyday lifeLow confidence
The National Assembly of Armenia founded the museum on 9 September 1919, with Yervand Lalayan as director until 1927. It is now the national museum, on Republic Square in Yerevan.
Notes
Dates differ: the history text gives 9 September 1919, while the lead and infobox give 1920. Wikidata gives 1919.
· Bogdat and Homyaki villages, Transbaikal, Russia · Asia
Battle of Bogdat begins in Transbaikal
War & conflictMedium confidence
Soviet partisans in Transbaikal were encircled near Bogdat and Homyaki within a day by Cossack and Japanese forces. From 29 September to 19 October they tried repeatedly to break out, and two thirds of the units escaped.
Notes
Infobox gives 25 September to 19 October 1919; the lead dates the breakout attempts from 29 September to 19 October. Wikidata gives 1919-09-25 to 1919-10-19. Infobox result is a White victory.
Sivas Congress of the Turkish National Movement opens
Politics & diplomacy
The Turkish National Movement met in Sivas for one week, bringing together delegates from every Anatolian province. The congress chose a Representative Committee and declared the Muslim-majority lands inside the borders of 30 October 1918, the day of the armistice, one indivisible whole.
Notes
Held 4 to 11 September 1919. Ottoman civil dates had followed Gregorian days since March 1917. Turkish Wikipedia gives the same 4-11 September 1919.
Franz Kafka's In the Penal Colony is first published
Art & literature
Kafka wrote the story in October 1914 and revised it in November 1918. It first appeared in print in October 1919 and describes a device that carves a prisoner's offence into his skin.
Notes
The excerpt names no place of publication; the region is set to Europe as an assumption. Wikidata gives 1919 (year).
Charlotte, eldest daughter of Emperor Frederick III and eldest granddaughter of Queen Victoria, died of a heart attack in Baden-Baden after a lifetime of ill health. She had married at seventeen to escape her parents' control and was duchess from 1914 to 1918.
Norwegians voted on 5 and 6 October 1919 on prohibiting spirits, though not all alcoholic drinks. Voters approved it with 61.6 percent in favour. A later vote in 1926 led to the law being overturned.
Notes
The vote ran 5-6 October 1919. Wikidata gives 1919-10-06.
Racing Club de Ferrol is a football team from Ferrol in Galicia, Spain, whose origins reach back to July 1919. Its home is the Estadio da Malata, and its shirts are green.
Notes
The infobox gives 5 October 1919, while the history traces its origins to July 1919. Wikidata gives 1919-10-05.
Eight Dutch businessmen, among them Frits Fentener van Vlissingen, founded the airline KLM on 7 October 1919. Its first flight did not follow until 17 May 1920.
Notes
Infobox founded date and body sentence agree on 7 October 1919. Albert Plesman appears as founder in the infobox.
On 10 October 1919, a year after independence, Estonia passed a law taking land from landowners who were mostly Baltic Germans. The government handed it to small farmers, mainly ethnic Estonians.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1919 (year); the lead gives 10 October 1919.
Strauss's Die Frau ohne Schatten premieres at the Vienna State Opera
Stage, music & film
Richard Strauss's opera, with a libretto by Hugo von Hofmannsthal, opened in Vienna on 10 October 1919 under Franz Schalk, with Maria Jeritza as the Empress. Strauss had finished it in 1917, but the premiere waited until after the war.
Notes
Calendar not stated in source; the date is read as Gregorian. Wikidata and the infobox agree.
· Orel, Kursk and Tula governorates, Russia · Europe
Red Army launches the Orel-Kursk operation
War & conflict
The Red Army's Southern Front attacked the Volunteer Army in the Orel, Kursk and Tula governorates to halt Anton Denikin's offensive towards Moscow. The Red 14th Army retook Orel, and the operation closed on 18 November when Kursk was retaken.
Notes
Soviet historians used the name Orel-Kromy operation. It ran 11 October to 18 November 1919. Russia used the Gregorian calendar by this date.
The Danish poet and novelist died at Klotzsche, Germany, in October 1919. He had shared the 1917 Nobel Prize in Literature with his compatriot Henrik Pontoppidan.
Notes
Wikidata also holds 13 October 1919 as a death date, and French Wikipedia gives 13 October 1919; the English lead and infobox give 11 October 1919.
Geneva's Grand Council agreed on 11 October 1919 to establish an airfield at Meyrin. The site later became Geneva Airport, once known as Cointrin Airport.
Notes
The infobox gives 11 October 1919 as the opening date; the body describes it as the day the Grand Council approved an airfield, so the wording follows the body. Wikidata gives 1919-10-11.
The Archangel campaign sent foreign troops to back the White movement in the Russian Civil War, beginning with British troops at Murmansk in March 1918. A British relief force arrived in late May 1919 to cover the withdrawal, and the Allied troops left.
Notes
Lead says the campaign lasted from March 1918 to October 1919; infobox gives 4 March 1918 – 12 October 1919. Wikidata gives 1919-10.
Concluded under the International Commission for Air Navigation, the convention tried to replace a patchwork of national rules with shared principles. It held that every nation has absolute sovereignty over the airspace above its territory and waters.
King Alfonso XIII opened the Madrid Metro, with a lunch on the Cuatro Caminos platform. The public could ride from 19 October. A 1916 royal decree approved a four-line plan, and the king added 1.45 million pesetas from his own pocket.
Notes
Inaugurated 17 October 1919; opened to the public 19 October 1919. Wikidata gives 17 October (and 1919-01-01 as another start date).
Leeds United was founded in Leeds in 1919, the year the Football League broke up its predecessor Leeds City over allegations of illegal wartime payments to players. It was elected to the league in May 1920.
Notes
Day taken from the infobox founded field. Wikidata gives the year 1919.
Józef Piłsudski officiated at the ceremony of 20 October 1919, held in the Jagiellonian University's main hall. The academy had been founded in 1913, but war postponed its opening. It is now AGH University in Kraków.
Notes
The infobox gives 1913 as the year established; the lead says founded in 1913 with inauguration in 1919. Wikidata gives 1919-10-20.
This was the first election after constitutional amendments of 15 May 1919 brought in universal suffrage and proportional representation. Conservatives began a period of dominance, ending seventy years of liberal dominance.
Switzerland elected its federal parliament on 26 October 1919, and in the National Council the Free Democratic Party came out ahead of all others, taking 60 of 189 seats.
Elgar's Cello Concerto has a troubled premiere in London
Stage, music & film
Elgar's Cello Concerto in E minor was first played on 27 October 1919, opening the London Symphony Orchestra's season. The premiere went badly because Elgar and the players had too little rehearsal time.
Notes
The lead gives only October 1919; the history section gives the day. Wikidata gives 1919-10-27.
Lovecraft's Beyond the Wall of Sleep is first printed in Pine Cones
Art & literature
H. P. Lovecraft wrote the science fiction story in 1919, and it first appeared in the October 1919 issue of Pine Cones, a small amateur journal edited by John Clinton Pryor. Lovecraft said a New York Tribune article inspired it.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1919-10, with a creation date of 1919-01-01 that looks like a year placeholder.
Erich von Stroheim's silent film Blind Husbands opens
Stage, music & filmMedium confidence
Erich von Stroheim wrote, produced, directed and acted in this American silent drama, distributed by Universal and adapted from his own tale The Pinnacle. Filming ended on 12 June 1919 with costs well above the first estimate.
Notes
The production section says the film opened at the Rialto Theater in Washington on 19 October 1919; the infobox gives a release date of 7 December 1919, perhaps a later general release. Wikidata gives only 1919.
First International Congress of Working Women meets in Washington
Politics & diplomacy
The American Women's Trade Union League called labor feminists from many countries to Washington, with Margaret Dreier Robins in the chair. Delegates planned to carry their proposals on women's labor to the First International Labor Conference of 1919.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1919-10-28 to 1919-11-06, matching the lead. The place, Washington, D.C., comes from the photo caption in the article.
· Branford, Connecticut, United States · North America
Ella Wheeler Wilcox dies
Lives
The American poet died at her home, The Bungalow, in Branford, Connecticut, on 30 October 1919. Her poem Solitude contains a famous line about the world laughing with you.
Notes
Wikidata gives New Haven County; the infobox and body give Branford, Connecticut.
George Gershwin and Irving Caesar publish the song Swanee
Stage, music & film
George Gershwin composed Swanee with lyrics by Irving Caesar, who claimed he wrote them in about ten minutes on a Manhattan bus. Al Jolson, who later put it into his show Sinbad, became the singer most associated with it.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1919-10-31, matching the infobox publication date. The revue that introduced it opened on 24 October 1919; the record was released in April 1920.
Victorino de la Plaza, an Argentine lawyer and politician born on 2 November 1840, died after retiring from politics, with pneumonia as the cause. He held the presidency from August 1914 to October 1916 and collaborated on the Argentine Civil Code.
Ricardo Palma, a Peruvian author, scholar, librarian and politician, died in Miraflores, Lima. His best-known work is the Tradiciones peruanas, which he published between 1872 and 1910.
China's Beiyang government began occupying Outer Mongolia in October 1919, after revoking its autonomy, and extended the occupation to Tuva. It could not consolidate its rule over either region.
Notes
The start is given only as October 1919. The lead gives the end as 18 March 1921, when the Chinese garrison in Urga was routed, while the body says Urga was captured and independence regained in February 1921, so only the end year is stored. An agreement ending Mongol autonomy was signed in August-September 1919 and a ceremony ending autonomy took place in February 1920. Wikidata gives 1919.
Sun Yat-sen reorganises his party as the Kuomintang in Shanghai
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
Working from the French Concession in Shanghai, Sun Yat-sen reorganised his party in 1919, and it took the name Kuomintang. He had founded it in 1894 in Honolulu as the Revive China Society.
Notes
The full article says that Sun Yat-sen, exiled to Shanghai, revived the party there on 10 October 1919 as the Kuomintang of China, and set up its headquarters in Canton in 1920; Wikidata gives 1919-10-10 for the end of the Chinese Revolutionary Party stage.
Takeshi Yamashita founds Olympus as Takachiho Seisakusho
Economy & trade
Takeshi Yamashita founded the company in Tokyo as Takachiho Seisakusho, which began by making microscopes and thermometers. The Olympus name was registered as a trademark in 1921.
Doris May Tayler, later Doris Lessing, was born to British parents in Kermanshah, Iran, on 22 October 1919. The family moved to Southern Rhodesia in 1925, and she won the 2007 Nobel Prize in Literature.
Notes
Born in Persia to British parents; the English article and Wikidata both give 22 October 1919.
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was born in Tehran on 26 October 1919. He succeeded his father, Reza Shah, in 1941 and became the last Shah of Iran, his rule ending with the Islamic Revolution.
Notes
Calendar not stated in source; the Gregorian date is given.
Australia's second prime minister served three terms between 1903 and 1910 and is counted among the fathers of Federation. He died at South Yarra, Victoria, in October 1919.
Notes
Wikidata gives the place as Melbourne; the infobox gives South Yarra, Victoria.
Royal Navy's Baltic campaign, Operation Red Trek, ends
War & conflictMedium confidence
Britain sent warships to support Estonia and Latvia and to stop Bolshevism spreading. In summer 1919 they trapped the Bolshevik fleet at Kronstadt, but the campaign failed to secure Petrograd for the Whites.
Notes
The infobox gives 28 November 1918 - 4 November 1919; Wikidata gives December 1919.
Countess Sophia Andreyevna Tolstaya, born Sophia Andreyevna Behrs, died at Yasnaya Polyana. She kept diaries and was married to the writer Leo Tolstoy.
Notes
Russia was using the Gregorian calendar by November 1919.
Hugo Haase, a German jurist, pacifist and socialist politician born on 29 September 1863, died in Berlin. In 1918-19 he and Friedrich Ebert shared the top role in Germany's revolutionary interim leadership, and he led the Independent Social Democratic Party.
Notes
Place of death is Berlin per Wikidata and infobox.
The Swiss chemist, who won the 1913 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, died in Zürich in November 1919. He proposed the octahedral shape of transition metal complexes, laying the basis of modern coordination chemistry.
Italy holds a general election under proportional representation
Politics & diplomacy
On 16 November 1919 Italians voted under a new law that widened voting rights and brought in proportional representation. The Liberal governing coalition lost its absolute majority, while the Socialists and the People's Party did well.
France holds its first national election after World War I
Politics & diplomacy
French legislative elections took place on 16 and 30 November 1919. The Socialists had decided in April to make no electoral agreements, to preserve their unity.
Notes
Voting took place in two rounds, 16 and 30 November 1919; Wikidata gives 16 November and also holds 30 November.
Belgium holds its first general election after the First World War
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
The election of 16 November 1919 brought in a universal one-vote system for men and lowered the voting age from 25 to 21. The Belgian Labour Party won the most votes for the Chamber, but the Catholic Party drew level with it in Chamber seats and led in the Senate.
Notes
The lead says the Catholic Party stayed the largest party in both houses, but the results box and French Wikipedia give Labour and the Catholics 70 Chamber seats each, with the Catholics ahead in the Senate.
Battle of Krivasoo begins in the Estonian War of Independence
War & conflict
The Estonian Army fought the Red Army near Krivasoo from 18 November to 30 December 1919, one of the last engagements before a ceasefire in early January 1920. Estonia won, and the Red Army was left exhausted after about 35,000 casualties.
Notes
The battle ran 18 November to 30 December 1919, though the lead says the first clashes on the Luga River came on 16 November. The article gives conflicting force sizes (lead: 120,000 Soviets against 40,000 Estonians; infobox: 40,000 against 15,000), so no strength figures are stored. Wikidata gives the same span.
The Lithuanian Armed Forces fought the pro-German Western Russian Volunteer Army, known as Bermontians and commanded by Pavel Bermondt-Avalov, near Radviliškis. The Bermontians were decisively defeated and afterwards retreated from the Baltic States.
Notes
The battle ran 21-22 November 1919. Wikidata gives 1919-11 with an end of 1919-11-22.
Medicine professor Iuliu Hațieganu started the club as a student sports society, and the Cluj press announced it on the day of its founding. Its first match was a 3-1 win over Gloria Arad on 16 May 1920.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1919; the infobox and history give 23 November 1919.
Armenia and Azerbaijan sign a peace agreement in Tiflis
Politics & diplomacy
After a failed Azerbaijani campaign to seize Zangezur, the prime ministers of Armenia and Azerbaijan signed a peace agreement in Tiflis. Georgia brokered it, and British and American pressure helped bring it about after four days of talks.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1919-11-23, matching the infobox and lead. Signing place per infobox: Palace of Georgian Government, Tiflis.
The Red Army's Southern Front, under Alexander Yegorov, attacked Anton Denikin's White Guard troops. Residents had welcomed the Whites to Kharkiv in June 1919 hoping for better food supplies, but by August workers had grown disillusioned. The Soviet victory let the Reds recapture the Donbas.
Notes
The operation ran 24 November to 12 December 1919. Wikidata gives 1919-12-12.
Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine is signed with Bulgaria
Politics & diplomacy
Signed in the town hall of Neuilly-sur-Seine, west of Paris, the treaty made Bulgaria cede territory, including Western Thrace, and return Dobruja to Romania. It also lost land on its western border to the new Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.
Mexico's Socialist Workers' Party becomes the Mexican Communist Party
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
The party founded in 1917 by the Bengali revolutionary Manabendra Nath Roy was renamed the Mexican Communist Party in November 1919. The government outlawed it in 1925, and it stayed illegal until 1935.
Notes
The English article dates the party's foundation to 1917 (infobox: 31 December 1917) and the renaming to November 1919; French Wikipedia gives 1911 as the founding year and 1919 for the renaming. Wikidata gives 1919-11-24 for the row; the English text supports only November 1919.
· Centralia, Washington, United States · North America
Armistice Day parade in Centralia ends in deadly violence
War & conflict
Violence broke out in Centralia, Washington, during a parade marking the first Armistice Day anniversary, pitting American Legion members against IWW members. Six people died, and a mob lynched the IWW member Wesley Everest that evening.
Notes
Sources dispute the causes and sequence of events. Wikidata gives 1919-11-11. Everest's death is dated in the text as the night of 11 to 12 November.
Congress added land to the existing monument and established Zion National Park on 19 November 1919, with President Woodrow Wilson signing the act. The park sits in south-western Utah near Springdale.
Notes
Wikidata and the infobox agree on 19 November 1919. The area was an existing national monument before Congress redesignated it.
Cecil B. DeMille's silent film Male and Female is released
Stage, music & filmMedium confidence
Cecil B. DeMille directed Male and Female, with Gloria Swanson and Thomas Meighan starring. It adapts J. M. Barrie's play The Admirable Crichton and explores relations between the sexes and social class.
Notes
The day comes only from the infobox release field. Wikidata gives the year 1919.
Kumao Kajiwara founded the company in November 1919 at a shop in a Tokyo suburb. It was a small workshop that polished eyeglass lenses, and it later became Pentax.
The former Japanese prime minister, who held the army's top rank of Gensui, died in Tokyo in November 1919. He had led the government from 1916 to 1918 and resigned after rice riots spread across Japan.
Notes
Wikidata gives the place as Azabu-ku; the infobox gives Tokyo.
Seth Sitaram Poddar established the bank in Bombay on 11 November 1919. The government nationalised it in 1969, and after a 2020 merger with two other banks it became India's fifth largest public sector bank.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1919-11-11, matching the infobox and text.
Great Siberian Ice March begins as Omsk falls to the Reds
War & conflictMedium confidence
Admiral Kolchak's Siberian Army retreated in winter from Omsk to Chita after Omsk fell on 14 November 1919. General Vladimir Kappel led the march from mid-December until he died of pneumonia on 26 January 1920.
Notes
Infobox and lead give 14 November 1919 to March 1920; Omsk fell to the Reds on 14 November 1919. French Wikipedia's infobox gives the same span, but its lead places the march itself in January-February 1920.
Orenburg Independent Army begins its Starving March
War & conflictMedium confidence
Under Generals Alexander Dutov and Andrei Bakich, the Orenburg Independent Army retreated across Kazakhstan in the winter of 1919-1920 toward Semirechye on the Chinese border. The survivors reached Semirechye on 31 December 1919.
Notes
The article says the retreat began on 22 November, after the Red Army captured Omsk, and puts the march in the winter of 1919-1920; Wikidata gives 1919-11-22 to 1920-05-01. The crossing into China between March and May 1920 is not stored as an end date.
An annular solar eclipse took place on Saturday 22 November 1919. Its path crossed parts of Texas, the Gulf of Mexico, Cuba, Haiti, the Gambia and Mali, with greatest annularity over the Atlantic Ocean north of Brazil.
Notes
Times are UTC; the greatest eclipse was at 15:14 UTC. Wikidata gives 1919-11-22.
International Labour Organization adopts its Hours of Work (Industry) Convention
Politics & diplomacy
The International Labour Organization adopted the convention, which deals with working time, on 28 November 1919. It is numbered C1 and came into force on 13 June 1921.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1919; the infobox gives adoption on 28 November 1919. The excerpt names no place of adoption.
International Labour Organization adopts the Unemployment Convention
Politics & diplomacy
The ILO adopted the Unemployment Convention, also known as C2, on 28 November 1919. It dealt with preventing or providing against unemployment and came into force on 14 July 1921.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1919 (year); the infobox gives adoption on 28 November 1919.
The French Impressionist, known for Bal du moulin de la Galette and Luncheon of the Boating Party, died at 78. His sons were the actor Pierre Renoir and the filmmaker Jean Renoir.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1919-12-17 (with 1919-12-03 as an alternative); lead, infobox and body all give 3 December 1919. Born 25 February 1841 in Limoges.
The Red 12th Army, under Sergei Mezheninov, pushed White forces out of Kyiv in the last of the battles fought over the city in 1919. The Whites had about 9,000 men under Dragomirov.
Notes
The operation ran 10-16 December 1919. Wikidata gives 1919 with an end of 1919-12-16.
Luigi Illica, an Italian librettist born on 9 May 1857 at Castell'Arquato, wrote libretti for Puccini, Mascagni, Catalani, Giordano and Franchetti. He is best remembered for the words of Tosca, Madama Butterfly, Andrea Chénier and La bohème.
Notes
Wikidata gives the place of death as Castell'Arquato; the excerpt says only that he was born there.
Captain John Alcock, a Vickers test pilot after the war, crashed in fog near Rouen while delivering a new Vickers Viking amphibian to an aeronautical exhibition in Paris, and died in hospital the next day. In June 1919 he and Arthur Whitten Brown had flown the Atlantic non-stop for the first time.
Notes
The crash happened at Cottevrard, near Rouen, on 18 December 1919; the full English article says he never regained consciousness in a Rouen hospital and died the following day, matching the 19 December in the lead and infobox (the infobox gives the place of death as Cottevrard). German Wikipedia and Wikidata give 18 December.
The fully independent federation came into being on 20 December 1919, taking over the autonomous Polish Football Union, which had belonged to the disintegrated Austrian Football Union. Edward Cetnarowski was its first president.
Notes
Category set to sport; the candidate row proposed architecture.
Government of India Act 1919 receives royal assent
Politics & diplomacy
The UK law put reforms recommended by Edwin Montagu and Viceroy Chelmsford into effect. It created diarchy in the major provinces, with elected ministers running fields such as health and education while defence and foreign affairs stayed with the Viceroy.
Notes
Wikidata gives the year 1919. The act applied to British India.
Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act receives Royal Assent
Politics & diplomacy
The act, which became law on 23 December 1919, let women join the professions and professional bodies, sit on juries and be awarded degrees. The government offered it as a compromise to replace the more radical Women's Emancipation Bill.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1919 and 1919-01-01; the infobox and lead give royal assent and commencement on 23 December 1919.
· Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic · Europe
Lenin signs a decree launching the Likbez campaign against illiteracy
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
Likbez, a contraction meaning elimination of illiteracy, was a Soviet drive to teach people to read and write. It began on 26 December 1919, when Lenin signed a government decree on the subject.
Notes
Lead and infobox place the campaign in the 1920s and 1930s; the body dates its start to the 26 December 1919 decree. Wikidata gives 1919-12-26.
The club was founded in Celje, Slovenia, in 1919 and now plays in the top tier of Slovenian football. After the Second World War reorganisation it became NK Kladivar, and under that name won the Slovenian Republic League and Cup in 1963-64.
Notes
The infobox gives 28 December 1919 (as SK Celje); the body says the club (as SSK Celje) was formally established in 1919. Wikidata gives 1919.
The Canadian physician, often called the Father of Modern Medicine, died in Oxford in December 1919. He created the first residency programme for specialty training, and his medical-history library went to McGill.
Charlie Chaplin's short film A Day's Pleasure is released
Stage, music & filmMedium confidence
A Day's Pleasure, Chaplin's fourth picture for First National Films, follows a family day outing that goes wrong. Edna Purviance plays his wife and Jackie Coogan one of the children.
Notes
The infobox gives a release date of 15 December 1919, but a New York Times review dated 8 December 1919 is quoted in the article; month stored. Wikidata gives 1919.
The American industrialist and art patron, who chaired Carnegie Steel and helped found U.S. Steel, died of a heart attack in New York City on 2 December 1919. He left his Manhattan mansion and its art to become the Frick Collection.
Cartoonist E. C. Segar invented Olive Oyl for his strip Thimble Theatre, and she first appeared in the strip printed on 19 December 1919. She began as the girlfriend of the strip's original lead, the slacker Harold Hamgravy.
SCADTA, the future Avianca, is registered in Barranquilla
Economy & trade
Avianca dates its history to 5 December 1919, when the Colombian airline SCADTA was registered in Barranquilla. Its first flight followed in September 1920.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1919-12-05; the infobox, lead and body agree. The English article says the first flight went to Puerto Colombia, while French Wikipedia names Puerto Berrio, so no destination is given.
Cornelius Vander Starr opens the agency that became AIG
Economy & trade
Cornelius Vander Starr set up a general insurance agency called American Asiatic Underwriters in Shanghai on 19 December 1919. It was the beginning of AIG, and by the late 1920s it had branches throughout China and Southeast Asia.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1919. The company's later headquarters are in New York City.
On 24 and 25 December 1919, Azerbaijani state authorities, locals from Ordubad and refugees from Zangezur attacked the Armenian population of Agulis. The attack destroyed the town.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1919-12-24 to 1919-12-25, matching the lead and infobox. The body adds that attacks on Lower Agulis by Muslims deported from Zangezur began on 17 December, before the 24 December assault on the upper town.
Sumitomo Corporation is incorporated as The Osaka North Harbour Co.
Economy & trade
The company was incorporated on 24 December 1919 in Osaka, with land reclamation, harbour repair and real estate management in northern Osaka as its first business. It is now one of the large Japanese general trading companies.
Australians voted on 13 December 1919 for all 75 House of Representatives seats and 19 of the 36 Senate seats. Billy Hughes's Nationalist Party government won re-election after calling the vote months early.
Events we can place in 1919 but not in a particular month.
Europe 61
· Hungary · Europe
White Terror begins in Hungary
War & conflictMedium confidence
Counter-revolutionary soldiers carried out repressive violence over roughly two years against people who really or supposedly backed the Hungarian Soviet Republic. Jews were singled out as its perceived main supporters, and tens of thousands were imprisoned without trial.
Notes
Only the period 1919–1921 is given; no day-level start.
International Labour Organization is established under the League of Nations
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
After World War I and the 1919 Paris Peace Conference, the ILO was set up as a League of Nations agency to promote social and economic justice through international labour standards. Albert Thomas became its first Director-General.
Notes
The infobox gives formation 11 April 1919 while the lead says founded in October 1919, so only the year is stored. Wikidata gives 1919.
Marcel Duchamp conceives L.H.O.O.Q., a bearded Mona Lisa
Art & literatureMedium confidence
Marcel Duchamp took a cheap postcard of the Mona Lisa, added a pencil moustache and beard, and gave it a title. He first conceived the work in 1919, and a version was reproduced in the review 391 in March 1920.
Notes
Only the year is stated, and it marks when the idea was first conceived. Several versions exist in different collections, so the creation date of any one copy is not given. Wikidata gives 1919 and lists the Israel Museum as holder, not a place of creation, so place is left empty.
Victor Emmanuel III gives the Palazzo Pitti to the nation
Architecture
In 1919 King Victor Emmanuel III gave the Palazzo Pitti in Florence and its contents to the Italian people. The Medici had bought the palace in 1549, and it now forms the city's biggest museum complex.
Notes
Wikidata lists this as an opening; the article describes a donation in 1919, with no month or day.
Hesse's coming-of-age novel appeared in 1919 under the pen name Emil Sinclair, the narrator's own name. Hesse's name first appeared on the tenth edition.
Notes
The article gives the year only. Wikidata gives 1919.
Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic is established
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
The republic established in 1919 had Kharkov as its capital until 1934, when the seat moved to Kiev. It signed the 1922 treaty creating the Soviet Union and joined the United Nations as a founding member in 1945.
Notes
The article refers to the 1919 establishment; a body sentence says that in Kharkiv on 10 March 1919 the republic's constitution was ratified by the Third All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets (Wikidata also gives 10 March 1919), but it does not call that the founding day, so only the year is stored. The infobox dates 30 December 1922 to 26 December 1991 belong to its time as a Soviet constituent republic.
The new South Slav states formed in 1918 made a Slovenian university possible. The bill creating it passed on 2 July 1919, the first professors were appointed in late August, and the University Council was set up on 18 September.
Notes
The infobox gives 1919. A body passage lists dated steps: first board meeting 23 November 1918, bill passed 2 July 1919, University Council established 18 September 1919. Wikidata gives 1919.
Casino employees found the club that became AS Saint-Etienne
SportMedium confidence
In 1919 employees of the grocery chain Groupe Casino founded a works club in Saint-Étienne. The French football federation's ban on trademarks in club names led to Casino being dropped in 1920.
Notes
The lead says the club was founded in 1933 and the infobox gives 25 July 1933; a body passage dates the club to 1919 and to a staff association of the Casino grocery company. Wikidata gives 1919.
The university opened in 1919, soon after Czechoslovakia came into being, with medicine as its first faculty. It replaced a Hungarian university whose professors had refused an oath of allegiance to Czechoslovakia.
Notes
The article gives the year only. Wikidata gives 1919.
Jack Cohen starts Tesco as a market stall in Hackney
Economy & trade
In 1919 Jack Cohen, whose parents had come from Poland, began Tesco with a stall in Well Street Market in Hackney, East London, selling groceries left over from the war.
Notes
The lead, infobox and body give the year 1919 only. Wikidata gives 1919.
Mykola Leontovych worked on his arrangement of the Ukrainian New Year song Shchedryk between 1901 and 1919. It was later turned into the Christmas carol Carol of the Bells.
Notes
Infobox gives 1901 (first version) and 1919 (final revision); the short description gives 1916; the lead says arranged between 1901 and 1919. French Wikipedia instead says composed in 1914 and first performed in January 1916, and the English body dates the first performance to 29 December 1916. The year 1919 marks the final revision only. Wikidata gives 1919.
In 1919 Parliament chose Finland's first president indirectly. Ståhlberg, a moderate liberal reformer backed by the Social Democrats, Agrarians and Progressives, won with 73 per cent of the electors' votes over Mannerheim.
Notes
The excerpt gives the year only for the election. Wikidata gives 25 July 1919, which another article places as the date Ståhlberg defeated Mannerheim, but this excerpt does not state a day.
The film director Vladimir Gardin founded the school in 1919 with Lenin's authorisation. Many consider it the earliest film school anywhere, and it is now known as VGIK.
Notes
The infobox and body give 1919; Wikidata gives 1 September 1919, so only the year is stored.
Ludendorff Bridge over the Rhine at Remagen is completed
ArchitectureMedium confidence
The railway bridge linking Remagen and Erpel was built from 1916 to 1919, with Russian prisoners of war supplying the labour. It was meant to carry reinforcements and supplies to German forces in the west.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1919 (inception 1919-01-01). The infobox gives construction 1916 to 1919 and does not name an opening day.
Max Reinhardt's company opens the Grosses Schauspielhaus in Berlin
Stage, music & filmMedium confidence
Hans Poelzig rebuilt a 19th-century market hall, which had been Circus Schumann's home until 1918, into an expressionist playhouse. Max Reinhardt's company staged Julius Caesar, Danton's Death and The Oresteia there.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1919 (inception 1919-01-01). The text says the circus space was rebuilt starting in 1918; no opening day is stated.
John Reed's Ten Days That Shook the World is published
Art & literature
The American journalist and socialist John Reed wrote this eyewitness account of the October Revolution of 1917. Lenin wrote an introduction for it at the end of 1919.
Notes
Only the year of publication is given in the excerpt. The region is set to Europe because the book is about Russia; the excerpt names no place of publication. Wikidata gives 1919.
Alice Warrender founded the prize in 1919 to reward a work of imaginative literature published in the previous year. It covers poetry, novels, history and biography by British, Irish or UK-based writers.
Notes
The article gives the year only. Wikidata gives 1919.
Novese, a football club from Novi Ligure in Piedmont, was founded in 1919. It won the football federation's national championship in 1921-22, a season with two competing leagues.
Isaac Carasso began making yoghurt in a small workshop in Barcelona in 1919, at a time when many children suffered intestinal troubles from poor hygiene after the war.
Notes
The infobox separates the brand (1919) from the company (1966, as Boussois-Souchon-Neuvesel). Only the 1919 start of Danone in Barcelona is stored. Wikidata's place (Spain) and region are consistent with the lead.
The Constitution Act of 1919 set up the presidency, and Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg became the first president that year. Two regents had led Finland from May 1918 until July 1919.
Notes
The infobox gives formation 26 July 1919 but Wikidata gives 17 July 1919; the lead says only that the Constitution Act of 1919 created the office. Year precision used. Wikidata's category (everyday_life) is changed to politics_diplomacy.
Edwin Lutyens designed the first, temporary Cenotaph, which went up on Whitehall for a parade marking the end of the First World War. More than a million people visited it within a week of the parade.
Notes
The temporary monument dates to 1919 in the lead; the Victory Parade is captioned 19 July 1919, but the erection day is not stated clearly, so only the year is stored. The permanent Cenotaph was unveiled in 1920. Wikidata gives 1919.
Brough Superior motorcycle production begins in Nottingham
Economy & trade
George Brough made Brough Superior motorcycles, sidecars and cars at his Haydn Road works in Nottingham from 1919 to 1940. A magazine writer called them the 'Rolls-Royce of Motorcycles'.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1919; the lead gives production from 1919 to 1940.
Leeds City was accused of paying players during the war, which had been made illegal, and its directors failed to co-operate with the Football Association inquiry. The Football League expelled it after eight games of the 1919-20 season.
Notes
Only the year is stated for the dissolution. The auction took place on 17 October 1919. Wikidata gives 1919.
Panathinaikos sets up its basketball team in Athens
SportMedium confidence
The multi-sport club Panathinaikos, begun in 1908, created its basketball team in 1919, when the game was still unknown in Greece. The team's first match that year was against X.A.N.
Notes
Only the year is supported. Calendar not stated in source; Greece used a different calendar in 1919, which does not change the year.
Milhaud wrote Le Boeuf sur le toit, whose title means 'the ox on the roof', in 1919 and 1920. Jean Cocteau staged it as a ballet that premiered on 21 February 1920, with sets and costumes by Raoul Dufy.
Notes
The English article says the piece was written in 1919-20 and first performed on 21 February 1920; French Wikipedia says it was completed on 21 December 1919, first as a violin and piano piece. Wikidata gives 1919. The year stored is the start of composition.
Belarusian People's Republic ceases to exist on Belarusian territory
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
The republic, proclaimed in 1918 under German occupation, never held power over all of Belarus. In 1919 its government moved to Vilnius and Hrodna, and it ended when Belarusian lands were divided between the Red Army and Polish forces.
Notes
The infobox gives a disestablishment date of 28 April and lists a government in exile from 1919 to the present. In October 1925 a political conference held in Berlin declared the republic dissolved. The lead puts the move of the seat to Vilnius and Hrodna in 1919, but the body has the government leaving Minsk in December 1918 and French Wikipedia has the Rada in Hrodna that month, so the timing of the move is uncertain. Only the year 1919 is stored for the end of its control of Belarusian territory. Wikidata gives 1919.
Count Alexander Izvolsky, a Russian diplomat, is remembered for shaping Russia's alliance with Britain before 1914. As Foreign Minister he accepted Austria-Hungary's 1908 annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina in return for backing on the Turkish Straits, and he resigned in 1910.
Notes
The infobox gives death on 16 August 1919 at Biarritz and the lead says he died in Paris; a later passage gives 16 November 1919 at Biarritz. Wikidata gives 1919-08-16. Day and place are unclear, so only the year is stored.
A series of anti-Jewish pogroms struck Kyiv and nearby places in 1919. In October they hit Kyiv's Podil and other Jewish districts, after Jews were accused of collaborating with the Bolsheviks. Looting, rape and murder were chiefly aimed at Jewish shops, factories, homes and people.
Notes
The infobox names Ukrainian rebels, White Armies and Don Cossacks as perpetrators, which is wider than the lead's attribution to White Volunteer Army and other anti-Bolshevik forces. The attacks took place across 1919; only the year is stored. Wikidata gives 1919.
Luigi and Silvio Barbieri created Aperol in Padua in 1919, after seven years of experimenting. The bitter Italian apéritif is clear orange in colour, and gentian, rhubarb and cinchona are among its ingredients.
Notes
Only the year 1919 is stated. Wikidata gives 1919.
The first school based on Rudolf Steiner's ideas opened in Stuttgart in 1919. Emil Molt, who ran a Stuttgart cigarette company called Waldorf-Astoria, requested it. Steiner founded anthroposophy, the philosophy behind the teaching style.
The Royal Prussian Army served the Kingdom of Prussia from 1701 to 1919. Its victories over Denmark, Austria and France in the 19th century opened the way to German unification in 1871.
Notes
The excerpt gives the end of the army as 1919 without a day or month. Wikidata gives 1919.
The Zollverein had bound German states together under common tariffs since 1834, driven by Prussia with Austria left out. Luxembourg stayed inside until the Treaty of Versailles ended its membership in 1919.
Notes
The lead dates the Treaty of Versailles ending of Luxembourg's membership to 1919; the infobox gives 1834-1919. No month or day is given. Wikidata gives 1919.
The maneti replaced the first Transcaucasian rouble at the same value, with 100 kopecks to a maneti. Only paper money was issued, and the second Transcaucasian rouble later took its place.
Notes
The lead dates the currency to 1919-1923; a body passage places Georgia's first issue of its own currency units after 26 May 1918. Wikidata gives start 1919 and end 1922.
The aerospace museum on the south-eastern side of Paris-Le Bourget Airport opened in 1919, following a suggestion from the aeronautics engineer Albert Caquot. Its collection includes a 1916 SPAD VII flown by the ace Georges Guynemer.
Notes
No day or month is given. The article does not say where the 1919 inauguration took place, so only France is stored as the place; the museum now stands at Paris-Le Bourget Airport. The candidate category exploration was changed to technology_invention. Wikidata gives 1919.
Royal Palace of Naples passes to the Italian state
Politics & diplomacy
King Victor Emmanuel III ceded the palace to the Italian state in 1919, together with many other royal residences. Part of it had been a public museum since the late 19th century, and the National Library moved into the eastern half in 1924.
Notes
The transfer is dated only to 1919. The candidate described an opening; the excerpt describes a change of ownership.
The Legislative Sejm was the first national parliament of independent Poland and also its constituent assembly. Elections were held on 26 January 1919, and it sat until 1922.
Notes
Wikidata gives start 1919-02-10 and end 1922-11-27 (day-level); the excerpt supports only the years 1919 and 1922 for the term, with elections on 26 January 1919.
Dail Eireann recognises the Irish Volunteers as its army
War & conflictMedium confidence
In 1919 the elected assembly Dail Eireann formally set up the Irish Republic and recognised the Irish Volunteers as its army. By late 1919 the name Irish Republican Army was replacing 'Volunteers' in everyday use.
Notes
Only the year is stated. The date of the Volunteers' oath to the Dail is disputed: Brugha proposed it in August 1919, while one commentator places the oath in August 1920. Wikidata gives 1919.
The Bolshevik-backed Estonian Workers' Commune, set up in Narva on 29 November 1918, lost its territory to an Estonian counter-offensive led by Johan Laidoner, helped by British aid. It survived only as a government in exile in Russia.
Notes
Dates differ: the infobox gives the end as 5 June 1919 and Wikidata gives 18 January 1919. The text says the counter-offensive that began on 7 January 1919 left the Commune defunct, and that it then claimed a government in exile (in Staraya Russa from 17 May 1919). Nothing here explains the 5 June date, so only the year is stored.
Montpellier HSC traces its roots to a club formed in 1919 under the name Stade Olympique Montpelliérain, which took the 1929 Coupe de France. The present club was formally founded by a merger in 1974.
Notes
The lead and infobox date the present club to 1974; the lead and body date its origins to 1919. Wikidata gives 1919.
JSK Zora, the first football club in Jagodina, is founded
SportMedium confidence
Milan Trifunovic and several former Serbian soldiers founded JSK Zora in 1919, a few months after the First World War ended. After many name changes it became FK Jagodina, which won the Serbian Cup in 2013.
Notes
Only the year is stated for JSK Zora (1919); the English article puts the present name and merger in 1962, and French Wikipedia gives 1962 as the founding date of FK Jagodina. The calendar question (Serbia moved to the Gregorian calendar around 1919) does not change the year. Wikidata gives 1919.
Thomas George John founds the Coventry firm that became Alvis
Economy & trade
Thomas George John founded T.G. John and Company in Coventry in 1919; it took the name Alvis Car and Engineering Company on 14 December 1921. Over the following decades the firm built civilian and racing cars, aircraft engines and armoured vehicles.
Notes
The text names the first firm as T.G. John and Company Ltd., set up by Thomas George John in 1919 and formally renamed Alvis Car and Engineering Company Ltd on 14 December 1921; only the year is stated for the setting-up. Wikidata gives 1919.
Avia aircraft company is founded in Czechoslovakia
Economy & trade
Pavel Benes, Miroslav Hajn, Jaroslav Frantisek Koch and Vaclav Maly founded Avia as an aircraft maker in 1919. It became part of Skoda Works in 1928 and was known for biplane fighters, especially the B-534.
Angers Sporting Club de l'Ouest, nicknamed Les Noirs et Blancs, was set up in Angers in western France in 1919. From 1919 to 1931 it played in the Division d'Honneur.
In 1919 Bavaria's military sovereignty merged into that of the German State, ending an army that had existed since 1682. The drafters of the 1919 Bamberg Constitution surrendered the rights after the Bavarian Soviet Republic's messy defeat.
Notes
Only the year is stated. Wikidata gives 1919; the infobox gives dates of 1682-1919.
The unrecognised Republic of Uhtua, formally the Republic of East Karelia, was made from five districts of the Kemsky Uyezd and lasted from 1919 to 1920. It asked to become part of Finland, which recognised it in May 1920.
Notes
Dates differ: the infobox gives the start as 21 June, while the history text puts the state's formation on 21 July 1919 (Wikidata gives 1919-06-21). Year stored. The infobox gives the end as 10 December (1920).
The Bolsheviks pursued systematic repression of Cossacks, especially the Don and Kuban Cossacks, to end them as a separate community. A secret party resolution of 24 January 1919 ordered mass terror against wealthy Cossacks, and the campaign began in March.
Notes
Two start dates: the body dates the secret party resolution to 24 January 1919, while the lead says the campaign began in March 1919. Infobox gives 1919–1933.
Hachette issued The Barsac Mission in book form in 1919, after it was first serialized in 1914. Michel Verne wrote it from unfinished material left by his father Jules Verne, and it features a hidden city in the Sahara.
Notes
Only the year is stated for the book publication; the 1914 date is for the serialization, and French Wikipedia agrees on 1919. Wikidata gives 1919 with a 1919-01-01 placeholder. The number of Jules Verne manuscripts differs: the English article says two unfinished manuscripts, French Wikipedia says one, titled Voyage d'etudes.
The Murcia club was officially founded in 1919 under the name Levante Foot-ball Club. King Alfonso XIII gave it the name Real Murcia in 1923-24.
Notes
The English infobox gives 6 December 1919, but the lead and body give only 1919, and Spanish Wikipedia says the club was founded in autumn 1919, with its statutes citing September 1919, so only the year is stored. The body says earlier clubs existed in 1903 and 1906. Wikidata gives 1919.
Flying begins at Gosselies, origin of Brussels South Charleroi Airport
TechnologyMedium confidence
Flying at Gosselies, now part of Charleroi, began in 1919 when a flight school opened on Mont des Bergers. A second company began aircraft maintenance work at the site in 1920.
Notes
The excerpt gives only the year. The row is treated as the start of flying at the site, not the opening of the present airport. Wikidata gives 1919.
The club that became SK Sigma Olomouc was founded in 1919 as FK Hejčín Olomouc. It first played in the national top division in 1982-83 as Sigma ZTS Olomouc and took its present name in 1996.
Notes
The infobox gives 1919; no day or month is stated.
The original Drogheda United is founded as a junior side
Sport
The first Drogheda United was a junior side outside the league system in County Louth. It joined the Dundalk and District League for 1919-1920 and won it within two years. It merged with Drogheda F.C. in 1975 to form the present club.
International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics is established in Brussels
Science
The union was established in Brussels in 1919 as an international non-governmental organisation for the scientific study of the Earth and its space environment. It uses geophysical and geodetic techniques and works in English and French.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1919. Its location is now Potsdam, Germany, per the infobox.
Club Sportif Sedan Ardennes, a football club in the town of Sedan nicknamed Les Sangliers, the Boars, was formed in 1919 and plays at the Stade Louis Dugauguez.
Notes
The English infobox gives 2 November 1919; French Wikipedia's infobox gives 7 November 1919 and its text says the founding club, the Union athletique sedanaise, was set up in October 1919 with a first general meeting on 24 October, so only the year is stored. Wikidata gives 1919.
Commercial flights between Seville and Madrid were operated for the first time in 1919. Seville's main airport is called San Pablo to tell it apart from the older Tablada Aerodrome, a military field that stayed in use until 1990.
Notes
The excerpt does not say whether the 1919 flights used the present airport site or when the present airport opened. Wikidata gives 1919.
The sports club IFK Mariehamn was formed in 1919 in Mariehamn, capital of the Åland Islands. It had no football department until the mid-1930s. Today it is a professional football club.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1919 with another date, 2007-11-05.
Giovanni Dosi was the first president of Piacenza Football Club when it was founded in 1919. Fans know the team as Il Piace, the Red and Whites, and the Wolves, and it plays at the Stadio Leonardo Garilli.
Notes
The infobox gives 1919; no day or month is stated.
The Valley in Charlton, London, has been Charlton Athletic's home ground since 1919. Before the First World War the club had moved between several grounds, and it later played away from The Valley between 1923 and 1924 and again from 1985 to 1992.
Notes
The infobox gives opened 1919 and groundbreaking 1919; no day or month is stated. Wikidata gives 1919 and another date, 1919-01-01.
The Reichsmarine was the German navy under the Weimar Republic. It existed from 1919 to 1935, when it was renamed the Kriegsmarine, and a civilian minister of the Reichswehr ministry headed it. Its fleet command was based at Kiel.
Notes
The lead gives 1919, but the infobox dates the service from 1 January 1921; Wikidata gives 1919-03. Only the year 1919 is stored, with medium confidence.
The club was founded in 1919 as SK Zlín and was called SK Baťa Zlín from 1922. It played in the Czechoslovak top division from 1938 to 1947, until it was disqualified for manipulating results. Its nickname is Ševci, the Cobblers.
The French club was founded in 1919 under the name AS Docks du Centre, and changed to Tours FC in 1951 after several earlier names. It was dissolved on 26 February 2025 after years of financial struggles.
Notes
Only the year is stated for the founding. Wikidata gives 1919.
In mid-1919 white supremacist terror and race riots struck more than three dozen US cities and one rural Arkansas county. Most attacks were white-on-black violence, and most deaths occurred around Elaine, Arkansas. James Weldon Johnson of the NAACP coined the name.
Notes
Source dates the period as mid-1919 and gives the infobox date as 1919.
El Salvador's colon, its legal currency since 1892, took the peso's place at equal value in 1919, and new currency rules that year pulled worn coins and refused cut or punched ones. The U.S. dollar replaced the colon de facto in 2001.
Notes
Lead and infobox give 1892 as the introduction of the currency (used de jure since 1892); a body sentence puts the peso's replacement, at equal value, in 1919. Wikidata gives 1919.
The Marxist-Leninist party was set up in 1919 after the Russian Revolution, breaking away from the Socialist Party's left wing. It aligned with the Comintern, and the Palmer Raids of 1919-1920 brought mass arrests of its members.
Notes
A caption places the Communist Party of America's convention in Chicago on 1-7 September 1919. Only the year is stored. Wikidata gives 1919.
Felix the Cat, a cartoon character of the silent film era, emerged in 1919 from the studio of the Australian cartoonist Pat Sullivan. Whether Sullivan or his lead animator Otto Messmer created him is uncertain.
Notes
Authorship is disputed between Sullivan and Messmer. The infobox gives a first appearance in Feline Follies on 9 November 1919, as 'Master Tom'. Wikidata gives 1919.
· San Simeon, California, United States · North America
William Randolph Hearst commissions Julia Morgan, beginning Hearst Castle
ArchitectureMedium confidence
Soon after his mother Phoebe died in 1919, William Randolph Hearst hired the architect Julia Morgan, asking her for a more comfortable place on the hill above the family ranch. Construction continued from 1919 to 1947.
Notes
The infobox gives a groundbreaking year of 1919; the body says Hearst first approached Morgan with ideas in April 1919. Wikidata gives 1919.
Conrad Hilton started the Hilton chain in 1919, buying the Mobley Hotel in Cisco, Texas, as his first property.
Notes
The infobox lists 31 May 1919 for the founding (as Hilton Hotels), but it carries no citation. The article body and French Wikipedia give only the year 1919 for the Mobley Hotel purchase, and Wikidata also gives 1919, so only the year is stored.
Roy W. Allen sells root beer at a Lodi parade, the start of A&W
Economy & trade
Roy W. Allen sold root beer from a roadside stand at a Lodi parade honouring returning World War I veterans. His employee Frank Wright became his partner in 1922, and the A&W name came from their initials.
Notes
The body has a sentence beginning 'On June 20, 1919, Roy W.' but its end is not shown, so only the year is stored. The infobox gives 1919 (root beer stand) and 1923. Wikidata gives 1919.
· San Marino, California, United States · North America
The Huntington is established in San Marino, California
Art & literatureMedium confidence
Henry E. Huntington and Arabella Huntington established the institution in San Marino. Besides its library it holds a large art collection and botanical gardens, including a Japanese Garden, a Desert Garden and a Chinese Garden.
Notes
The infobox gives 1919 as the founding year; no day or month is given. Wikidata gives 1919.
William Andrews Clark Jr., a copper baron who also played violin, founded the orchestra and funded it alone. Walter Henry Rothwell was its first music director, serving from 1919 to 1927.
John M. Browning designed the M1919, an air-cooled development of the water-cooled M1917 in .30 caliber. It saw wide use in the Second World War, the Korean War and the Vietnam War.
Notes
The infobox gives a design date of 1919 and service from 1919 onward; no day or month is stated.
Hinckley-Tandy Leather Company is founded in Texas
Economy & tradeMedium confidence
Friends Norton Hinckley and Dave L. Tandy started the business as a leather supply store. It later grew into Tandy Corporation, which bought the nearly bankrupt RadioShack chain in 1963.
Notes
The infobox gives Fort Worth as the founding place, but the body says the firm supplied shoe repair dealers across Texas and that the headquarters were later moved to Fort Worth, so only the state is used.
Erle P. Halliburton founds the business that became Halliburton
Economy & tradeMedium confidence
Erle P. Halliburton began the company in 1919 under the name New Method Oil Well Cementing, based first in Duncan, Oklahoma. In 1920 he used cement to bring a wild gas well under control.
Notes
The infobox gives 1919, Duncan, Oklahoma, and a photo caption calls Duncan the original headquarters; French Wikipedia's text says the company was founded in Dallas, Texas, though its infobox gives Duncan. Wikidata gives 1919.
The New School for Social Research is founded in New York
Science
Professors and other intellectuals founded the school in 1919 for adult students who wanted to understand the existing order without bias. It kept that name until 1997 and is now a private research university.
Notes
The infobox and lead give 1919 without a month or day. Wikidata gives 1919.
· Springfield, Massachusetts, United States · North America
Junior Achievement is founded in Springfield, Massachusetts
Everyday life
Horace Moses, Theodore Vail and Winthrop Crane set up the youth organization in 1919. It started in Springfield as a youth bureau, split off from the annual Eastern States Exposition. Its programs teach work readiness, financial literacy and entrepreneurship.
Alfred A. Knopf published H. L. Mencken's inquiry into how English developed in the United States. Mencken revised it in 1921 and 1923, and a fourth edition followed in 1936.
The Society of Arts and Sciences funded the O. Henry Award, named after the writer O. Henry, which honours American short stories of exceptional merit. The first anthology appeared as Prize Stories 1919, edited by Blanche Colton Williams.
In 1919 Tucson opened a city-owned airport, described as the first of its kind in the United States. It is the forerunner of Tucson International Airport.
Notes
Only the year is stated. The 'first municipally owned airport' claim rests on a single sentence. Wikidata gives 1919.
Ontario Hockey Association donates the OHA Memorial Cup
Sport
The association donated the trophy in 1919 for Canada's junior ice hockey champion. Captain James T. Sutherland created it as a tribute to First World War dead, and in 2010 it was rededicated to every Canadian killed in conflict.
Lord Cowdray, a British oil entrepreneur, formed the Amerada Corporation in 1919 to explore oil production in North America. It was incorporated in Delaware on 7 February 1920 and later merged into what became Hess Corporation.
Notes
The infobox gives 1919 as the founding year; the body says the firm was incorporated on 7 February 1920. Wikidata gives 1919 and another date, 2006-05-08.
Hobart Manufacturing Company launches the KitchenAid brand
Economy & tradeMedium confidence
Hobart Manufacturing Company started the KitchenAid brand in 1919 to make stand mixers, though the first machine to bear the name, the C-10, is also dated to 1918. Whirlpool Corporation now owns the brand.
Notes
Date disagreement inside the source: the lead and infobox give 1919, while the history section says the first machine with the KitchenAid name, the C-10, was introduced in 1918. Wikidata gives 1919.
General Motors founds the General Motors Acceptance Corporation
Economy & trade
General Motors founded the company in 1919 to finance car purchases by automotive customers. It was known as GMAC until 2010, when it became Ally Financial.
Notes
Only the year 1919 is stated. The company is now headquartered in Detroit.
First Campeonato Gaucho football championship is held
SportMedium confidence
The first Campeonato Gaucho in Rio Grande do Sul was planned for 1918 but held only in 1919, after an epidemic ended. In 2021 the state federation named the three clubs of the planned 1918 final Honorary Champions.
Notes
Only the year is stated. The article links the delay to the Spanish flu. Wikidata gives 1919.
Drought and starvation during the Russian Civil War hit the Kirghiz and Turkestan republics, now part of Kazakhstan. Between 400,000 and 750,000 peasants died, and American Relief Administration aid arrived from 1920.
Notes
The article treats 1919-1922 as one famine; the 1919 start is given only as a year. Wikidata gives 1919.
Lord Chelmsford formally named the eastern Indian steel city Jamshedpur in 1919, in honour of Jamsetji Tata. Dorabji Tata had built it over the village of Sakchi, and the steel plant had been operating since 1912.
Notes
The infobox gives established_date 1919; the lead and body say the city was formally named in 1919. The article states no month or day. Wikidata gives 1919.
The museum opened in 1919 under King Amanullah Khan, in Kabul's Darulaman area opposite the Darul Aman Palace. After civil war broke out in 1992, looting and rockets destroyed about 70 per cent of the displayed objects.
Notes
Dates differ: the body says the museum opened in 1919, while the infobox gives established 1922. Wikidata gives 1919. Year precision and medium confidence used.
Yan Xiu and Zhang Boling set up the private Nankai School in 1919, with Zhang as its first president. Zhou Enlai, later the People's Republic's first Premier, was a student in the first class.
First Burung Petala procession is held in Kota Bharu
Everyday lifeMedium confidence
The Burung Petala processions were grand parades marking the circumcision ceremonies of Kelantan's nobility, in which a prince and his entourage rode around Kota Bharu on a large bird-shaped cart. Three took place between 1919 and 1933.
Notes
The infobox lists the procession years as 1933, 1923 and 1919; only the year is used. Wikidata gives 1919 with an end of 1933.
Britain begins its Singapore strategy for Far East defence
War & conflict
In 1919 Britain chose Singapore as the base for a Royal Navy fleet meant to deter Japan. The plan was for the fleet to sail out from home waters and blockade Japan, but money and politics got in the way.
Notes
The article's start year is 1919 with no month or day. Wikidata gives 1919 and end 1941.
Soviet Russia plans the Kalmyk Project against British India
War & conflictMedium confidence
The Kalmyk Project was the name for Soviet plans to strike British India's North-West Frontier Province via Tibet. In 1919 Soviet Russia sent a diplomatic mission under N. Z. Bravin to Afghanistan.
Notes
Source gives the span 1919–1920 only. Wikidata gives 1919-08-05, which the source does not support, so the date is stored as a year range. This was a plan that was never carried out.
Takeda Shrine in Kofu, Yamanashi Prefecture, is dedicated to the kami of Takeda Shingen. Emperor Taisho commissioned it in 1915, and it was completed in 1919.
Notes
Only the year is stated. The infobox gives established 1919. Wikidata gives 1919.
Kojiro Matsukata founds the shipping company Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha
Economy & tradeMedium confidence
Kojiro Matsukata founded Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha, known as K Line, in 1919. Its roots go back to Kawasaki Heavy Industries, which began with a Tokyo shipyard in 1878, and it joined Ocean Network Express in 2017.
Notes
Source gives only the year 1919. Wikidata gives 1919-04-05, which the source does not support, so the date is stored as a year.
A 5 rin coin was worth a two-hundredth part of a yen. It succeeded the half sen coin, which had been minted until 1888, and was struck only from 1916 to 1919 before being devalued. It was demonetised by the end of 1953.
Notes
The excerpt gives the last minting year as 1919 without a date. Wikidata gives 1919.
The third modern wave of Jewish settlers arriving in Palestine from Europe ran from 1919 until 1923, bringing between 35,000 and 40,000 Jews, most from Eastern Europe. The SS Ruslan reached Jaffa on 19 December 1919 with 671 passengers.
Starvation and disease swept Iran during World War I while British, Russian and Ottoman forces occupied it. Drought, army requisitioning, hoarding and poor harvests all fed the crisis, which ended in 1919.
Notes
The article names 1917-1919 as the period and gives no month or day for the end. Mohammad Gholi Majd cites far higher death estimates, which are not widely accepted. Wikidata gives end 1919. Persia flagged for calendar check; only the year is stored.
Shaykh Saleh al-Ali led a revolt in the Syrian coastal mountains, one of the first armed acts of resistance against the French in Syria. In July 1919 he occupied several Ismaili villages allied to the French.
Notes
The revolt has no firm start: the infobox gives June 1919 - July 1921, French Wikipedia and Wikidata give July 1919 (Wikidata ends it in June 1921), and the body describes French attacks on Shaykh Saleh's forces as early as 21 February 1919, so only the years are stored.
After the Ottomans were expelled, a congress, later headed by Hashim al-Atassi, met in Damascus to settle the fate of 'Syria' and present Arab opinion to the US King-Crane Commission. On 8 March 1920 it declared an independent Arab Kingdom of Syria.
Notes
The lead says the congress was convened in May 1919; the infobox gives its foundation as 3 June 1919. Because the months differ, only the year is stored. Wikidata gives June 1919. On leadership, the lead says it was headed by Hashim al-Atassi, but the infobox lists Muhammad Fawzi al-Azm as speaker until 14 November 1919 and al-Atassi from 11 December 1919 to 3 May 1920, so al-Atassi did not head it when it first met.
King-Crane Commission begins its inquiry into the former Ottoman lands
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
An offshoot of the Paris Peace Conference, the commission toured Palestine, Syria, Lebanon and Anatolia to gauge local opinion on what should become of former Ottoman lands. Only the United States took part in the end, and the conference never adopted its recommendations.
Notes
The English article gives no date for the start of the fieldwork; its infobox says the report was created in 1919 and not published until 1922, and the body says the commission handed its report to the peace conference in Paris that August. French Wikipedia says the party left Constantinople on 29 May 1919, reached Palestine on 10 June, and left Adana and Constantinople around 20 to 21 July; German Wikipedia says it reached Jaffa on 10 June, where French Wikipedia says Haifa. Those sources differ on the first landing and on what counts as the start, so only the year is stored. Wikidata gives 1919.
Ibn Saud of Najd wanted to annex Kuwait after World War I, and sporadic border clashes ran through 1919 and 1920. The conflict killed hundreds of Kuwaitis.
Notes
The infobox and lead give 1919-1920 without months or days, so only the year is stored for the start. Wikidata gives start 1919 and end 1920.
Eyüpspor, a football club of the Eyüpsultan district of Istanbul, dates from 1919. The club is linked with the Golden Horn and wears purple and yellow. It won the 2023-24 TFF First League title and was promoted to the top division for the first time.
Notes
Only the year is stated. The Ottoman Rumi calendar does not change the year here. Wikidata gives 1919.
The Ottoman Empire elected a new Chamber of Deputies in 1919, the last official elections in the Empire. A coalition of nationalist groups, the Association for Defence of National Rights, dominated the vote. The new parliament met in Istanbul on 12 January 1920.
Notes
The excerpt dates the call for elections to 22 October 1919 but gives no polling day, so only the year is stored. Wikidata gives 1919-10-22. Dates in the excerpt are Western; no Rumi date appears.
The American Mission in Egypt, a Protestant body, founded the university in 1919. Charles Watson was the founder and first president, serving until 1944. It teaches in English and follows American-style programs.
Notes
Only the year is stated for the founding. The first school opening was on 5 October 1920. Wikidata gives 1919.
First museum in Damascus is set up under King Faisal
Everyday life
The museum opened in 1919 under the Syrian Ministry of Education at the Al-Adiliyah Madrasa, during King Faisal's brief Arab Kingdom of Syria. It is the forerunner of Syria's national museum.
Alasehir Congress of the Turkish National Movement meets
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
A regional congress of the Turkish National Movement met at Alasehir in 1919 and resolved to fight on until the Greek army was driven from Anatolia and to turn the Kuva-yi Milliye forces into regular paid units. Mustafa Kemal supported it.
Notes
Month disputed: the English article gives 16 to 25 September 1919, while Turkish Wikipedia's Alaşehir Congress article and its article on the organiser Hacim Muhittin Bey give 16 to 25 August 1919, and Wikidata gives 1919-08-16. This is not a calendar shift, since Ottoman months matched Gregorian months from 1917. Only the year is stored.
British Army's Kurdish-language newspaper Tegeystini Rasti stops publishing
Art & literatureMedium confidence
Tegeystini Rasti, meaning Understanding the Truth, was a Kurdish-language paper issued from Baghdad by the British Army in Iraq. It appeared from 1918 to 1919.
Notes
Only the year of closure is stated. Wikidata gives 1919-01-27, which the source does not support. The infobox calls it bi-weekly and the lead calls it semiweekly.
German East Africa is divided among Britain, Belgium and Portugal
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
After Germany lost World War I, its East African colony was split among three powers. Britain was awarded all of it on 7 May 1919, then Ruanda and Urundi went to Belgium and the Kionga Triangle to Portugal.
Notes
Several 1919 steps are dated (7 May, 30 May, 12 July, 16 July, 7 August); Versailles was signed 28 June 1919 and took effect 10 January 1920. Wikidata gives 28 June 1919. The infobox shows 'German colony, 1885-1918', so only the year is stored.
French Cameroon becomes a League of Nations mandate
Politics & diplomacyLow confidence
From 1919 the eastern part of former German Cameroon was held by France as a League of Nations mandated territory. It later became a United Nations trust territory and is now part of independent Cameroon.
Notes
The lead says its mandate status dates from 1919, but the English infobox lists it as occupied by France in 1916-1922 and a League of Nations mandate from 1922, and French Wikipedia says France ran it de facto from 1916 and de jure from 1922. Wikidata gives 28 June 1919, the day of the Treaty of Versailles. Wikidata's region (Europe) is corrected to Africa.
FECOFA was founded in 1919 and governs the sport in the Congolese state, including the national league, Linafoot, and the national team. It joined FIFA and the African confederation CAF in 1964.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1919. The candidate's place 'Republic of the Congo' differs from the article, which names the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Japan holds the former German islands that became the South Seas Mandate
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
The League of Nations gave Japan a mandate over German islands in the north Pacific after the First World War. The islands had belonged to German New Guinea and were occupied by Japan during the war.
Notes
The infobox gives a life span of 1919 to 1947, opening with the Treaty of Versailles (28 June): Japanese occupation in 1919-1920, then the Class C League of Nations mandate from 1920 to 1947. Only the year 1919 is stored, for the start of the territory under Japanese rule. Wikidata gives 1919.
Colonel Robert Logan's rule of New Zealand-occupied Samoa ends
War & conflictMedium confidence
Colonel Robert Logan administered Samoa for New Zealand until 1919, after landings in August 1914 met no resistance. His term was controversial because of his handling of the Spanish flu's arrival in November 1918.
Notes
Source says Logan administered Samoa 'until 1919' without a month or day. Wikidata gives end 1919. Region set to Oceania; Wikidata's Europe appears to be an error.
· Parap, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia · Oceania
Parap Airfield is established at Darwin
TechnologyMedium confidence
The announcement of the England to Australia air race in 1919 prompted the founding of Parap Airfield, which served as the Australian terminal of the race. Darwin International Airport now serves the city from the suburb of Eaton.
Notes
The 1919 date belongs to Parap Airfield, an early airfield in the suburb of Parap, not to the present airport site in Eaton. Candidate category architecture was changed to technology_invention. Wikidata gives 1919.
In 1919 this federation of national chemistry bodies, IUPAC, took over from the earlier International Congress of Applied Chemistry. It works to advance the chemical sciences.
Notes
The article gives the year only. Wikidata gives 1919; its proposed region (North America) reflects only the present secretariat location.
Brun's theorem states that adding up the inverses of all twin primes gives a finite total, called Brun's constant, whose exact value is unknown. Viggo Brun proved it in 1919, and the result introduced sieve methods.
The ICC was set up in 1919 to encourage world trade and investment and keep markets open, with Étienne Clémentel as first chairman. Today it speaks for companies and associations in over 170 countries.
Notes
The article gives the year only. Its headquarters are in Paris; no founding place is stated. Wikidata gives 1919.
Leonard Dickson shows how to build the octonions from the quaternions
Science
Dickson showed in 1919 how the octonions can be built as a two-dimensional algebra over the quaternions. The Cayley-Dickson construction, named for him and Arthur Cayley, yields algebras each double the dimension of the one before.
Thomas Gronwall first proves Gronwall's inequality
Science
The inequality lets mathematicians bound a function by the solution of a matching differential or integral equation, and it supplies a comparison theorem that can show a differential equation's solution is unique. Gronwall first proved it in 1919.
Edgar Cyriax first describes slipping rib syndrome
Medicine & epidemics
In 1919 the orthopedic doctor and physiotherapist Edgar Ferdinand Cyriax first wrote about a chest pain condition with a popping or clicking sensation. Robert Davies-Colley gave it its present name in 1922.
Notes
The article gives the year only. Wikidata gives 1919.
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